Cox C. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach / Cox C., Moore P.D. - 7th ed. - Malden: Blackwell, 2005. - xi, 428 p.: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.417-428. - ISBN 1-4051-1898-9  Место хранения:   066 | Институт мониторинга климатических и экологических систем CO РАН | Томск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ......................................................... x 1. Introduction to biogeography ................................. 1 Order of chapters ........................................... 11 Further reading ............................................. 12 References .................................................. 13 2. A history of biogeography ................................... 15 Lessons from the past ....................................... 15 Ecological versus historical biogeography, and plants versus animals .............................................. 18 Biogeography and Creation ................................... 19 Distribution of life today .................................. 21 Evolution-a flawed and dangerous idea! ...................... 23 Enter Darwin ................................................ 24 World maps: the biogeographical regions of plants and animals .................................................. 25 Getting around the world .................................... 28 The origins of modern historical biogeography ............... 31 The development of ecological biogeography .................. 36 Living together ............................................. 37 Marine biogeography ......................................... 39 Island biogeography ......................................... 41 Summary ..................................................... 43 Further reading ............................................. 43 References .................................................. 43 3. Patterns of biodiversity .................................... 45 How many species are there? ................................. 46 Gradients of diversity ...................................... 52 Biodiversity hotspots ....................................... 60 Diversity in time ........................................... 62 Marine biodiversity ......................................... 68 Dynamic biodiversity ........................................ 68 Summary ..................................................... 70 Further reading ............................................. 70 References .................................................. 70 4. Patterns of distribution .................................... 73 Limits of distribution ...................................... 74 Overcoming the barriers ..................................... 75 A successful family: the daisies (Asteraceae) ............... 77 Patterns of dragonflies ..................................... 80 Magnolias: evolutionary relicts ............................. 83 Climatic relicts ............................................ 85 Endemic organisms ........................................... 89 Physical limitations ........................................ 90 Environmental gradients ..................................... 91 Interaction of factors ...................................... 96 Species interaction ......................................... 99 Invasion ................................................... 101 Reducing competition ....................................... 107 Migration .................................................. 110 Predators and prey ......................................... 112 Summary .................................................... 116 Further reading ............................................ 116 References ................................................. 116 5. Communities and ecosystems ................................. 119 The community .............................................. 120 The ecosystem .............................................. 122 Ecosystems and biodiversity ................................ 125 Biotic assemblages on a global scale ....................... 128 Patterns of climate ........................................ 132 Modelling biomes and climate ............................... 138 Biomes in a changing world ................................. 140 Summary .................................................... 141 Further reading ............................................ 141 References ................................................. 142 6. The source of novelty ...................................... 143 Natural selection .......................................... 144 Darwin's explanation and Darwin's finches .................. 145 Controlling forces within the organism ..................... 149 From populations to species ................................ 150 Polyploids ................................................. 152 Barriers to interbreeding .................................. 153 Competition for life ....................................... 155 The 'theory' of natural selection .......................... 156 Controversies and evolutionary theory ...................... 158 Evolution and the human race(s) ............................ 160 Summary .................................................... 162 Further reading ............................................ 162 References ................................................. 162 7. Life, death and evolution on islands ....................... 165 Types of island ............................................ 166 Getting there: problems of access .......................... 168 Dying there: problems of survival .......................... 170 Integrating the data: the Theory of Island Biogeography .... 172 Second thoughts about the Theory ........................... 174 The Theory of Island Biogeography and the design of nature reserves ......................................... 176 Starting afresh: the story of Rakata ....................... 179 The coastal environment .................................... 180 Life inland, 181 Evolving there: opportunities for adaptive radiation ...................................... 186 The Hawaiian Islands ....................................... 190 Mechanisms of arrival ...................................... 192 Evolutionary radiations within the Hawaiian Islands ........ 193 Summary .................................................... 197 Further reading ............................................ 197 References ................................................. 197 8. Living in the past ......................................... 201 Plate tectonics ............................................ 202 Evidence for past geographies .............................. 205 Early land life on the moving continents ................... 206 One world-for a while ...................................... 209 Rise of the flowering plants ............................... 214 Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic changes in geography, ocean currents and climate .............................. 216 Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic floral changes ................ 219 Summary .................................................... 222 Further reading ............................................ 222 References ................................................. 222 9. The geography of life today ................................ 225 Mammals: the final patterns ................................ 227 The distribution of flowering plants today ................. 233 Mammalian versus flowering plant geography: comparisons and contrasts ........................................... 235 The Old World tropics: Africa, India and South-East Asia ... 237 Africa ..................................................... 238 The Cape flora ............................................. 240 Madagascar ................................................. 241 India and South-East Asia .................................. 242 Australia .................................................. 243 New Zealand ................................................ 245 The West Indies ............................................ 247 South America .............................................. 251 Late Cretaceous/Early Cenozoic ............................. 251 Later in the Cenozoic ...................................... 251 Late Cenozoic/Pleistocene .................................. 252 The Northern Hemisphere: Holarctic mammals and Boreal plants .................................................. 255 Summary .................................................... 258 Further reading ............................................ 258 References ................................................. 258 10.Ice and change ............................................. 261 Climatic wiggles ........................................... 262 Interglacials and interstadials ............................ 264 Biological changes in the Pleistocene ...................... 266 The last glacial ........................................... 268 Causes of glaciation ....................................... 274 The current interglacial: a false start .................... 279 Forests on the move ........................................ 282 The dry lands .............................................. 287 Changing sea levels ........................................ 288 Time of warmth ............................................. 290 Climatic cooling ........................................... 291 Recorded history ........................................... 293 Summary .................................................... 294 Further reading ............................................ 294 References ................................................. 295 11.Transforming the planet .................................... 297 The emergence of humans .................................... 297 Modern humans and the megafaunal extinctions ............... 303 Domestication and agriculture .............................. 304 The biogeography of human parasitic diseases ............... 311 Environmental impact of early human cultures ............... 314 Summary .................................................... 315 Further reading ............................................ 316 References ................................................. 316 12.Drawing lines in the water ................................. 319 Zones in the ocean and upon the sea floor .................. 323 Basic biogeography of the seas ............................. 325 The open-sea realm ......................................... 326 Dynamics of the ocean basins ............................... 326 Patterns of life in the ocean waters: biomes and provinces within the oceans ............................. 329 Patterns of life on the ocean floor ........................ 333 Biogeography of hydrothermal vent faunas ................... 336 The shallow-sea realm ...................................... 337 Faunal breaks within the shelf faunas ...................... 339 Coastal faunas of islands .................................. 341 Trans-oceanic links and barriers between shelf faunas ...... 341 Latitudinal patterns in the shelf faunas ................... 343 Coral reefs ................................................ 344 Summary .................................................... 350 Further reading ............................................ 350 References ................................................. 350 13.Interpreting the past: I. Molecular and isotopic biogeography ............................................ 353 The molecules of life ...................................... 354 DNA, RNA, enzymes and phylogeny ............................ 356 The molecular clock ........................................ 358 Molecular evolution and bird biogeography .................. 359 Human biogeography and molecular methods ................... 362 Population crashes, bottlenecks and catastrophes ........... 363 Isotopes in biogeography ................................... 365 Isotopes in biogeochemical cycles .......................... 367 New horizons ............................................... 368 Summary .................................................... 369 Further reading ............................................ 369 References ................................................. 369 14.Interpreting the past: II. Principles and practice ......... 371 The great divide: dispersal versus vicariance .............. 371 Centres of dispersal and centres of origin ................. 374 Current methods of biogeographical analysis ................ 374 Phylogenetic biogeography .................................. 376 Phylogeography ............................................. 377 Cladistic biogeography ..................................... 379 Generalized tracks ......................................... 380 Parsimony analysis of endemicity ........................... 381 Endemicity and Pleistocene problems ........................ 382 The 'New Zealand school' of panbiogeography ................ 385 Palaeogeography ............................................ 387 Summary .................................................... 388 Further reading ............................................ 388 References ................................................. 389 15.Foretelling the future ..................................... 391 The human population ....................................... 392 The changing climate ....................................... 395 Nitrogen and sulphur overload .............................. 399 Other pollutants ........................................... 401 Biogeographical consequences of global change .............. 402 Population declines and extinctions ........................ 406 Changing communities and biomes ............................ 409 Where do we go from here? .................................. 410 Summary .................................................... 413 Further reading ............................................ 413 References ................................................. 413 Index ......................................................... 417 Colour plates between pp. 212 and 213