Environmental engineering. Prevention and response to water-, food-, soil- and air-borne disease and illness. - 6th ed. / ed. by Nemerow N.L. et al. - Hoboken: Wiley, 2009. - xvii, 382 p. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.367-382. - ISBN 978-0-470-08304-8  Место хранения:   048 | Байкальский институт природопользования CO РАН | Улан-Удэ

Оглавление / Contents

PREFACE ........................................................ xv CONTRIBUTORS ................................................. xvii CHAPTER 1 DISEASE TRANSMISSION BY CONTAMINATED WATER ............ 1 Richard F. Unz Introduction .................................................... 1 Control of Source (Agent Factors) ............................ 3 Control of Mode of Transmission .............................. 5 Control of Susceptibles (Host Factors) ....................... 6 Typical Epidemic Control ..................................... 8 Waterborne Diseases ............................................ 12 General ..................................................... 12 Survival of Pathogens ....................................... 13 Substance Dose to Cause Illness ............................. 15 Summary of Characteristics and Control of Water- and Foodborne Diseases ....................................... 17 Vehicle or Means by Which Waterborne Diseases Are Spread ................................................... 44 Historical Waterborne Disease Background .................... 45 Control and Prevention of Waterborne Diseases ............... 55 Prevention of Waterborne Diseases ........................... 56 Schistosomiasis ............................................. 58 Bioterrorism ................................................... 59 Smallpox .................................................... 61 Anthrax ..................................................... 62 Plague ...................................................... 64 Tularemia ................................................... 65 Glanders .................................................... 65 Botulism .................................................... 66 Tetanus or Lockjaw .......................................... 67 Noninfectious and Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions Associated with the Water Environment .......................... 67 Background .................................................. 67 Prevention and Control ...................................... 71 Investigation of a Water Disease Outbreak ...................... 72 General ..................................................... 72 Samples and Specimens ....................................... 81 Epidemiology and Risk ....................................... 83 Molecular Detection of Waterborne Pathogens ................. 86 References ..................................................... 90 Bibliography ................................................... 98 CHAPTER 2 CONTROL OF DISEASES OF THE AIR AND LAND .............. 99 Nabarun Dasgupta Communicable Diseases .......................................... 99 Background .................................................. 99 Life Expectancy and Mortality .............................. 101 Framework for Disease Transmission ............................ 106 Regulatory Authorities in Health .............................. 108 Epidemic Control at the Individual Level ...................... 109 Behavioral Change .......................................... 110 Antibiotics and Antivirals ................................. 111 Vaccination (or Immunization) .............................. 111 Control of Infectious Agents and Vectors ................... 113 Environmental Control of Infectious Diseases ............... 114 Arthropodborne Diseases .................................... 116 Zoonoses and Their Spread .................................. 127 Infectious Respiratory Diseases ............................ 138 Bioterrorism .................................................. 141 Smallpox ................................................... 142 Anthrax .................................................... 143 Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions Associated with the Environment ............................................ 143 Background ................................................. 143 Prevention and Control ..................................... 146 Environmental Control Legislation .......................... 147 Lead Poisoning ............................................. 151 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning .................................. 154 Mercury Poisoning .......................................... 155 Illnesses Associated with Air Pollution—Lung Diseases ................................................... 157 Asbestos Diseases .......................................... 159 Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer) ............................... 160 Cardiovascular Diseases .................................... 160 Methemoglobinemia .......................................... 162 Dental Caries .............................................. 162 Hypothermia ................................................ 163 High Environmental Temperatures ............................ 163 Skin Damage from Sunlight .................................. 164 Tap Water Scalds ........................................... 165 Sporotrichosis ............................................. 165 Definitions ................................................... 165 Useful Internet Web Sites ..................................... 169 References .................................................... 169 CHAPTER 3 FOODBORNE DISEASES .................................. 175 Nabarun Dasgupta Introduction .................................................. 175 Survival of Pathogens ......................................... 176 Infectious Dose ............................................... 177 Reservoir or Source of Disease Agents ......................... 178 Humans as Reservoirs ....................................... 178 Animals as Reservoirs ...................................... 180 Food Spoilage ................................................. 181 Burden and Cost of Foodbome Illness ........................... 183 Foodbome Disease Outbreak Surveillance ........................ 184 Poultry .................................................... 185 Milk and Other Dairy Products .............................. 186 Fmits and Vegetables ....................................... 188 Meat and Seafood ........................................... 188 Control and Prevention of Foodbome Diseases ................... 188 Prevention of Foodbome Diseases ............................ 188 Mercury Poisoning .......................................... 197 Methemoglobinemia .......................................... 199 Dental Caries .............................................. 200 Sporotrichosis ............................................. 201 Nutritional Deficiency and Related Diseases ................ 201 References .................................................... 207 CHAPTER 4 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ..... 213 Harvey F. Ludwig Abbreviations ................................................. 213 Introduction .................................................. 215 Background ................................................. 215 History .................................................... 215 Problem of Developing Countries ............................ 216 Summary of DC Problem ...................................... 217 Purpose of This Chapter .................................... 219 Specific Subjects Included in This Chapter ................. 220 Environmental Governance ...................................... 223 Introduction ............................................... 223 Situation in DCs versus United States/ICs .................. 223 What DC and IAA Practitioners Can Do to Correct This Problem ............................................ 224 Role of the Private Sector ................................. 225 Urban Water Supply ............................................ 225 Situation in United States/ICs ............................. 225 Situation in Typical DCs ................................... 226 Suggested Approach for Improving IAA Assistance to DCs ..... 227 Appropriate Water Quality Standards ........................ 229 Water and Sewer Pipes in Same Trench ....................... 229 Reuse of Treated Wastewater ................................ 231 IAA-Sponsored Community Water Supply Programs .............. 231 Other Considerations ....................................... 232 Water Hyacinths ............................................ 233 Water Quality Analyses ..................................... 234 Water Quality Monitoring ................................... 238 Role of Private Sector ..................................... 238 Integrated Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning (IEEDP) ........................................ 240 Water Resources Management .................................... 240 Reducing Water Irrigation Requirement ...................... 241 China Studies Sponsored by World Bank ...................... 241 Watershed Management ....................................... 242 Urban Sewerage and Excreta Management (USEM) .................. 242 Situation in ICs ........................................... 243 Situation in Typical DCs ................................... 245 Sewerage-cum-Sanitation Systems for 100 Percent Excreta Management ...................................... 247 Sewage Treatment Systems ................................... 247 Sewage Collection (Including Interceptors, Pumping, Transmission) ........................................... 248 Sewage Characteristics and Needs for Treatmentand Point Source Control .................................... 250 Sewage Flow Measurement .................................... 250 Appropriate Standards ...................................... 251 Marine Sewage Disposal ..................................... 251 Buffer Area Requirements around Treatment/Pumping Plants ... 253 Regional Water Pollution Control ........................... 253 Industrial Wastewater Management .............................. 253 Situation in ICs versus DCs ................................ 253 Discharge into Municipal Sewerage Systems (MSSs) ........... 255 Discharge Directly to Environment .......................... 256 Appropriate Standards ...................................... 257 Cleaner Production (CP) .................................... 257 Industrial Estates ......................................... 258 Marine Disposal ............................................ 258 Abstract ................................................... 260 Urban Solid Waste Management .................................. 261 Situation in United States versus DCs ...................... 261 Practical Sanitary Landfilling Technology for DCs .......... 261 Experience in Asian DCs .................................... 262 Alternative Disposal Methods ............................... 264 Reclamation of Swamp Lowlands by Refuse Landfilling ........ 264 Urban Air Pollution Control ................................... 269 Background ................................................. 269 Thailand: General Situation ................................ 269 Thailand: Sharing of Controls for Multiple Industries ...... 270 Air Pollution Control Experience in India .................. 272 Hazardous Wastes Management ................................... 276 Background ................................................. 276 Guidelines Manual for DCs .................................. 276 Megacities: Rural to Urban Migration .......................... 282 Background ................................................. 282 Economic Policies for Sustainable Development(ADB) ......... 282 Existing Situation in the DCs .............................. 283 Urban Growth Management/Action Strategy .................... 285 Effective Control of Environmental Degradation ............. 287 Follow-up Evaluation of ADB Study .......................... 288 Essay on Urban Population Growth in DCs .................... 290 Urban Slums ................................................... 292 Background ................................................. 292 Indonesia Kampung Improvement Projects (KIPs) .............. 292 Urban Sanitation .............................................. 295 Ports and Harbors .......................................... 295 Coastal City of Chonburi in Thailand ....................... 296 Public Water Supply Taps ................................... 296 Rural Sanitation .............................................. 298 Very Low Priority for Attention ............................ 298 WHO Manuals ................................................ 298 Xiaolangdi Resettlement .................................... 298 Farm Animal Manures ........................................ 300 Handwashing ................................................ 300 School Sanitation .......................................... 301 Hazard of Flies ............................................ 301 Septic Tanks for Coastal Homes on Stilts ................... 301 Water Treatment for Homes Using Surface Waters ............. 301 Public Health ................................................. 302 Assessment by Asian Development Bank ....................... 302 Water Supply and Sanitation ................................ 302 Disease Reporting .......................................... 303 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ......................... 305 Difficulties in Application of EIA Process to DCs .......... 305 Effective Use of EIA Process in DCs ........................ 306 Recommended EIA Report Components .......................... 309 Constraints for Construction Contractors ................... 310 Need for Effective Training ................................ 312 Environmental Economics and Financing ......................... 313 Inclusion of Environmental Values in Project Economic Analysis (PEA) .......................................... 313 Effect of EPMs on Project Economic and Financial Analyses ................................................ 313 Human Greed Parameter ...................................... 313 Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning ............ 314 Value of Human Life ........................................ 314 Protecting Precious Eco-Resources .......................... 314 Emergencies Management ........................................ 315 Technology Transfer (TT) ...................................... 315 Problem .................................................... 315 Recommendation ............................................. 317 Development Planning for DCs .................................. 317 Social Parameters: Attention to Rural Poverty Poor ......... 317 Eco-Resources Protection ................................... 319 Affordability of Environmental Improvements ................ 322 Integrated Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning (IEEDP) ........................................ 322 Global Warming ................................................ 323 Problem .................................................... 323 Future of Environment in Developing Countries ................. 325 Problem of DCs ............................................. 325 Changes in Environmental Policy in the ICs ................. 325 Glimpse of Future .......................................... 326 Recommendations ............................................ 326 References .................................................... 326 CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ........................................ 335 Piero M. Armenante and James P. Mack Introduction .................................................. 335 Emergency Planning for Industrial Facilities .................. 339 Resources .................................................. 340 Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs) ........................ 341 Media Center ............................................... 341 Communication Equipment and Alarm Systems .................. 342 Firefighting Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies ........... 344 Spill and Vapor Release Control Equipment .................. 345 Medical Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies ................ 345 Meteorological Equipment ................................... 346 Security and Access Control Equipment ...................... 346 Environmental Testing Systems .............................. 346 Emergency Action Levels ....................................... 347 Emergency Response Organization ............................... 347 Initial-Response Organization .............................. 348 Full Emergency Response Organization ....................... 349 Emergency Director (Site Emergency Coordinator) ............ 349 Response Operations Coordinator ............................ 349 Incident Response Commander (IRC, Field Operations Coordinator) ............................................ 351 Incident Response Team ..................................... 351 Emergency Functions ........................................... 352 Emergency Response Actions .................................... 353 Concept of Operations ...................................... 353 Emergency Response Implementing Procedures ................. 353 Environmental Considerations ............................... 354 Recovery, Reentry, and Restoration ......................... 354 Training, Exercises, and Plan Maintenance ..................... 355 Emergency Planning at the Local Level ......................... 356 Emergency Management ....................................... 356 Leadership Commitment ...................................... 356 Planning Team .............................................. 357 Planning Process .............................................. 358 Hazards Analysis ........................................... 358 Damage Assessment and Recovery Operations .................. 360 Resources .................................................. 360 Content of the Plan and Procedures ......................... 361 Plan Integration ........................................... 362 Public Information ............................................ 363 Public Education ........................................... 363 Public Emergency Notification .............................. 364 Conclusion .................................................... 364 References .................................................... 364 INDEX ......................................................... 367