Environmental engineering. Environmental health and safety for municipal infrastructure, land use and planning and industry. - 6th ed. / ed. by Nemerow N.L. et al. - Hoboken: Wiley, 2009. - xix, 556 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.525-556. - ISBN 978-0-470-08305-5  Место хранения:   048 | Байкальский институт природопользования CO РАН | Улан-Удэ

Оглавление / Contents

PREFACE ...................................................... xvii CONTRIBUTORS .................................................. xix CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL ...... 1 Salah M. El-Haggar Introduction .................................................... 1 Life Cycle Assessment and Cradle-To-Cradle Concept .............. 4 Industrial Waste ................................................ 7 Plastics Industry ............................................... 7 Thermo Plastics .............................................. 9 Thermosets .................................................. 12 Mixed Plastic Wastes ........................................ 13 Plastic and Cork Industry ...................................... 22 Food Industry .................................................. 25 Aerobic Fermentation Process ................................ 25 Anaerobic Fermentation Process .............................. 29 Cement Industry ................................................ 31 Utilization through Cleaner Production Techniques ........... 33 Industrial Ecology Approach ................................. 34 Recycling Opportunities ..................................... 36 Final Remarks ............................................... 39 Marble and Granite Industry .................................... 40 Marble and Granite Waste .................................... 42 Physical and Chemical Properties of Slurry ................. 43 Scrapes ..................................................... 44 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation ........................ 44 Metal Foundry Industry ......................................... 51 Foundry Sand ................................................ 53 Uses of Foundry Sand ........................................ 54 Iron and Steel Industry ........................................ 55 Environmental Impacts ....................................... 56 The Problem in Egypt ........................................ 58 Potential Utilization of Slag ............................... 58 Final Remarks ............................................... 64 Waste Industry ................................................. 65 Direct Waste Recycling Industry ............................. 66 Multiple Waste Recycling Industry ........................... 66 Waste Exchange Network Recycling Industry ................... 67 Environmentally Balanced Industrial Complexes ............... 69 Multiple Waste Recycling Industry .............................. 70 Mechanical Tests ............................................ 71 Environmental Tests ......................................... 73 Final Remarks ............................................... 75 Disposal of Industrial Wastes .................................. 76 References ..................................................... 77 Bibliography ................................................... 80 CHAPTER 2 RESIDENTIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ............ 83 Xudong Yang Substandard Housing and Its effects ............................ 84 Growth of the Problem ....................................... 84 Critical Period ............................................. 86 Health, Economic, and Social Effects ........................ 88 Appraisal of Quality of Living ................................. 91 APHA Appraisal Method ....................................... 91 Census Data ................................................. 96 Health, Economic, and Social Factors ........................... 96 Planning .................................................... 96 Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Indices ................ 97 Other Survey Methods ........................................ 97 Health Principles ........................................... 99 Minimum Standards Housing Ordinance ........................ 103 Housing Program ............................................... 104 Approach ................................................... 104 Components of a Good Housing Program ....................... 105 Outline of a Housing Program ............................... 107 Solutions to the Problem ................................... 108 Selection of Work Areas .................................... 110 Enforcement Program ........................................ 111 Enforcement Procedures ..................................... 114 Housing Form Paragraphs for Letters ........................... 118 Structural Safety .......................................... 119 Incomplete Bathroom ........................................ 119 No Hot Water ............................................... 119 Leaking Water Closet ....................................... 121 Floors Not Water Repellent ................................. 121 Exterior Paint Needed ...................................... 123 Rotted and Missing Siding .................................. 123 Sagging Wall ............................................... 123 Loose Plaster .............................................. 124 Leaking Roof ............................................... 124 No Gutters or Rain Leaders ................................. 124 No Handrails ............................................... 125 Lead Paint ................................................. 125 Refuse in Attic ............................................ 125 Water-Closet Flush Tank Not Operating Correctly ............ 125 Garbage Stored in Paper Box or Bag ......................... 125 Dilapidated Garbage Shed ................................... 125 Debris in Yard or Vacant Lot ............................... 126 Dirty Apartment ............................................ 126 Overcrowded Sleeping Room .................................. 126 No Window in Habitable Room ................................ 127 Unlawful Third-Floor Occupancy ............................. 127 Unlawful Cellar Occupancy .................................. 127 Clogged Sewer .............................................. 127 Unvented Heater ............................................ 127 Furnace Flue Defective ..................................... 128 Rubber-Hose Gas Connection ................................. 128 Rat Infestation ............................................ 128 Roach Infestation .......................................... 128 Overflowing Sewage Disposal System ......................... 128 Improperly Protected Well-Water Supply ..................... 129 Major Repairs .............................................. 129 Minor Repairs .............................................. 129 Obtain at Least Three Estimates ............................ 129 Plumbing ...................................................... 129 Plumbing Code .............................................. 129 Backflow Prevention ........................................ 134 Indirect Waste Piping ...................................... 137 Plumbing Details ........................................... 137 Indoor Air Quality ............................................ 137 Causes and Sources of Indoor Air Pollution ................. 137 Biological Contaminants and Health Effects ................. 140 Other Contaminants ......................................... 141 Ventilation ................................................ 147 Respiratory Illness Control ................................ 150 Venting of Heating Units ................................... 151 Mobile Home Parks ............................................. 154 Institution Sanitation ........................................ 155 Institutions as Small Communities .......................... 155 Hospitals and Nursing Homes ................................ 156 Hospital and Related Wastes ................................ 160 Schools, Colleges, and Universities ........................ 163 Correctional Institutions .................................. 163 Environment Inspection and Report Outline .................. 167 Day-Care Centers ........................................... 169 References .................................................... 169 Bibliography .................................................. 174 CHAPTER 3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .............................. 177 George Tchobanoglous Definition of Terms ........................................... 178 Integrated Waste Management ................................... 180 Source Reduction ........................................... 180 Recycling and Composting ................................... 182 Combustion (Waste-to-Energy) ............................... 183 Landfills .................................................. 183 Implementing Integrated Solid Waste Management ............. 184 Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of Solid Waste ....... 185 Sources of Solid Waste ..................................... 185 Characteristics of Solid Waste ............................. 185 Commercial and Household Hazardous Waste ................... 189 Construction and Demolition Debris ......................... 192 Special Wastes Collected Separately ........................ 193 On-Site Handling and Storage .................................. 195 Low-Rise Residential Areas ................................. 196 Low- and Medium-Rise Apartments ............................ 198 High-Rise Apartments ....................................... 198 Commercial and Institution ................................. 199 Solid Waste Collection ........................................ 199 Type of Service ............................................ 199 Collection Frequency ....................................... 199 Types of Collection Systems ................................ 202 Personnel Requirements ..................................... 204 Health Issues .............................................. 207 Transfer and Transport ........................................ 209 Economic Analysis of Transfer Operations ................... 209 Types of Transfer Stations ................................. 210 Vehicles for Uncompacted Wastes ............................ 211 Transfer Station Siting Issues ............................. 213 Waste Reduction and Materials Recovery ........................ 213 Waste Reduction ............................................ 214 Materials Recovery and Recycling ........................... 217 Processing Technologies for the Recovery of Materials ...... 218 Implementation of Materials Recovery Facilities ............ 218 Technical Considerations in the Planning and Design of MRFs ....................................................... 224 Composting .................................................... 225 Uses of Compost and Constraints to Its Use ................. 229 Composting Process ......................................... 230 Composting Technologies .................................... 232 Compost Process Design and Operational Considerations ...... 236 Issues in the Implementation of Composting Facilities ...... 239 Health Hazards ............................................. 240 Sanitary Landfill Planning, Design, and Operation ............. 242 Sanitary Landfill Planning ................................. 242 Sanitary Landfill Methods .................................. 246 General Landfill Design Issues ............................. 251 Leachate Generation, Control, and Treatment ................ 252 Landfill Gas Generation, Control, and Recovery and Utilization ............................................. 258 Management of Surface Waters ............................... 263 Landfill Mining ............................................ 267 Landfill Facilities and Equipment for Disposal by Sanitary Landfill ....................................... 268 Landfill Operation and Supervision ......................... 274 Summary of Recommended Operating Practices ................. 276 Site Closure or Conversion ................................. 278 Incineration .................................................. 279 Description of Operation of MSW Incinerator ................ 279 Combustion Products and Residues ........................... 281 Types of Incinerators (Combusters) ......................... 283 Control of the Incineration Process ........................ 286 Residue Management ......................................... 287 Site Selection, Plant Layout, and Building Design .......... 289 Issues in the Implementation of Incineration Facilities .... 290 Hazardous Wastes .............................................. 292 Definition of Hazardous Waste .............................. 292 Legislation ................................................ 293 Generation of Hazardous Waste .............................. 296 Hazardous Waste Management ................................. 300 References .................................................... 305 Bibliography .................................................. 307 CHAPTER 4 AIR POLLUTION AND NOISE CONTROL ..................... 309 Robert Jacko and Timothy La Breche Air Pollution ................................................. 309 Health Effects ............................................. 310 Economic Effects ........................................... 311 Effects on Plants .......................................... 314 Effects on Animals ......................................... 315 Aesthetic, Climatic, and Related Effects ................... 315 Sources and Types of Air Pollution ............................ 320 Manmade Sources ............................................ 321 Natural Sources ............................................ 321 Types of Air Pollutants .................................... 325 Sampling and Measurement ...................................... 326 Particulate Sampling—Ambient Air ........................... 327 Gas Sampling ............................................... 329 Smoke and Soiling Measurement .............................. 331 Stack Sampling ............................................. 332 Measurement of Materials' Degradation ...................... 333 Environmental Factors ......................................... 333 Meteorology ................................................ 334 Topography ................................................. 338 Air Pollution Surveys ......................................... 340 Inventory .................................................. 340 Air Sampling ............................................... 341 Basic Studies and Analyses ................................. 341 Ambient Air Quality Standards ................................. 342 Federal Standards .......................................... 342 Clean Air Act of 1990 ...................................... 345 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1997 ........................... 346 Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) ............................ 347 Controls ...................................................... 347 Source Control ............................................. 347 Emission Control Equipment ................................. 351 Particulate Collectors and Separators ...................... 351 Gaseous Collectors and Treatment Devices ................... 357 Dilution by Stack Height ................................... 358 Planning and Zoning ........................................ 360 Air Quality Modeling ....................................... 361 Program and Enforcement ....................................... 363 General .................................................... 363 Organization and Staffing .................................. 365 Regulation and Administration .............................. 365 Noise Control ................................................. 367 Definitions and Explanation of Selected Terms and Properties of Sound ..................................... 367 Effects of Noise—A Health Hazard ........................... 375 Sources of Noise ........................................... 376 Measurement of Noise ....................................... 377 Methods for Noise Control .................................. 378 Control of Industrial Noise ................................ 380 Control of Transport Noise ................................. 381 Noise Reduction ............................................ 381 Federal Regulations ........................................ 384 State and Local Regulations ................................ 387 References .................................................... 388 Bibliography .................................................. 391 Air Pollution .............................................. 391 Noise Control .............................................. 393 CHAPTER 5 SURVEYING AND MAPPING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ......................................... 395 Kurt W. Bauer Introduction .................................................. 395 Importance of Maps ............................................ 396 Basic Definitions and Concepts ................................ 396 Foundational Elements for Creation of Maps ................. 396 Map Projections ............................................ 398 Tangent Plane Projection ................................... 398 Lambert Projection ......................................... 399 Mercator Projection ........................................ 401 Transverse Mercator Projection ............................. 401 Other Projections .......................................... 401 The State Plane Coordinate System .......................... 402 Survey Control Networks .................................... 402 The National Geodetic Survey Control System ................ 403 U.S. Public Land Survey System ................................ 405 Map Requirements for Planning and Environmental Engineering ................................................ 407 Desirable Control Survey and Mapping System ................ 409 Applications of Mapping System ................................ 410 Flood Hazard Area Mapping .................................. 416 Wetland Area Mapping ....................................... 416 Public Works Management Information System ................. 419 Sanitary Sewerage System Attribute Data .................... 421 Survey Methods ................................................ 426 Bibliography .................................................. 428 CHAPTER 6 PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ............... 429 Kurt W. Bauer Introduction .................................................. 429 Definition of Terminology ..................................... 430 Criteria for Good Planning .................................... 431 Institutional Structure for Urban Planning .................... 432 The Comprehensive Plan ........................................ 433 The Planning Process .......................................... 437 Definition of Planning Area ................................ 438 Inventory and Analysis ..................................... 438 Formulation of Objectives and Standards .................... 443 Identification of Development Requirements ................. 443 Development and Evaluation of Alternative Plans ............ 444 Plan Selection and Adoption ................................ 444 Plan Implementation and Policy Development ................. 445 Public Works Development Process .............................. 447 Outline for a Sewerage Facilities Planning Report .......... 447 Outline for a Stormwater Management Facilities Planning Report .................................................. 453 Outline for a Water Supply Facilities Planning Report ...... 460 Public Participation .......................................... 465 Continuing Nature of Comprehensive Planning Process ........... 466 Project Planning .............................................. 467 Site Planning ................................................. 469 Introduction ............................................... 469 Site Selection ............................................. 470 Site Assessment ............................................ 471 Generally Desirable Site Features .......................... 472 Site Inventory ............................................. 473 Improvements Needed ........................................ 478 Site Design ................................................ 478 Land Subdivision .............................................. 480 Subdivision Design ......................................... 482 Site Selection and Assessment .............................. 484 Alternative Subdivision Design Types ....................... 486 Utility Services ........................................... 492 Fiscal Analysis ............................................ 494 Program Planning .............................................. 494 Operational Planning .......................................... 496 Public Health Element of Comprehensive Plan ................ 497 Role of Engineering ........................................... 502 Environmental Assessment and Impact Statements ................ 503 Environmental Impact Analysis ................................. 505 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ................... 505 Terminology ................................................ 506 Scoping .................................................... 508 Recommended Format for Environmental Impact Statement ...... 509 Content of an Environmental Impact Statement ............... 510 Selection and Analysis of Alternatives ..................... 514 Comprehensive Assessment ................................... 515 Bibliography .................................................. 524 INDEX ......................................................... 525