List of Contributors ........................................... xv
PART 1: SCOPING AND OVERVIEW
1. Introduction ................................................. 3
Donald N. Zillman, Catherine Redgwell, Yinka O.
Omorogbe, Lila Barrera-Hernandez, and Barry Barton
I. What kind of energy transition is under way? ............ 3
II. What factors call on us to look beyond the carbon
economy? ................................................ 6
III. What role for law? ..................................... 10
IV. Our readership and the plan of the book ................ 10
2. The Impact of Energy on Health, Environment, and
Sustainable Development: The TANSAAFL Problem ............... 13
George (Rock) Pring, Alexandra Suzann Haas, and Benton
Tyler Drinkwine
I. Introduction ........................................... 13
II. Climate change ......................................... 15
III. Fossil fuel impacts .................................... 18
IV. Alternative energy sources ............................. 23
V. Conclusion ............................................. 37
3. Promoting Sustainable Development through the Use of
Renewable Energy: The Role of the Law ....................... 39
Yinka O. Omorogbe
I. Introduction ........................................... 39
II. Energy and development ................................. 41
III. The role of the law .................................... 45
IV. The role of regional and international institutions .... 47
V. National legislation and the promotion of
improved energy access ................................. 49
VI. Critical needs ......................................... 58
VII. Conclusion ............................................. 59
4. The Law of Energy Efficiency ................................ 61
Barry Barton
I. Rationale for energy efficiency measures ............... 63
II. The successfulness of energy efficiency measures ....... 67
III. The sceptics confounded ................................ 69
IV. Energy efficiency measures work ........................ 71
V. Multiple non-price barriers ............................ 73
VI. Behavioural economics .................................. 74
VII. Paternalism ............................................ 75
VIII.Markets ................................................ 77
IX. New ideas in law and regulation ........................ 79
X. The prospect ........................................... 80
PART 2: INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES
5. International Legal Responses to the Challenges of a
Lower-Carbon Future: Climate Change, Carbon
Capture and Storage, and Biofuels ........................... 85
Catherine Redgwell
I. Introduction ........................................... 85
II. Adapt, mitigate, and trade: the climate change
regime ................................................. 87
III. Non-carbon alternatives: new energy sources and
technologies .......................................... 100
6. The Development of Renewable Energy Technologies and
Energy Efficiency Measures through Public International
Law ........................................................ 109
Adrian J. Bradbrook
I. The international significance of renewable energy
and energy efficiency ................................. 109
II. The role of energy in international law ............... 112
III. What has public international law achieved so far? .... 113
IV. The role and activities of international
institutions and non-governmental organizations ....... 127
V. Future directions of public international law ......... 128
7. Are We There Yet? The Long Road to South America's
Energy Future .............................................. 133
Lila K. Barrera-Hernandez
I. Introduction .......................................... 133
II. All the roads lead to governance ...................... 135
III. A friend in the dispute resolution business ........... 157
IV. Regional trade as driver of governance: a snapshot .... 160
V. Conclusion ............................................ 161
8. Increasing Access to Clean Energy in Africa:
Challenges and Initiatives ................................. 163
Fui S. Tsikata, Abeeku Brew-Hammond, and Y.B. Osafo
I. Introduction .......................................... 163
II. Energy profile ........................................ 165
III. The clean development mechanism ....................... 168
IV. Dealing with land tenure and institutional issues ..... 174
V. A broader agenda ...................................... 177
PART 3: SECTORAL PERSPECTIVES AND TECHNOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES
9. Renewable Energy in National Legislation: Challenges and
Opportunities .............................................. 183
Richard L. Ottinger with Lily Mathews and Nadia
Elizabeth Czachor
I. Introduction .......................................... 183
II. Barriers to use of renewable energy ................... 184
III. Overcoming barriers to use of renewable energy ........ 191
IV. Characteristics of successful renewable energy
policies .............................................. 204
V. Conclusion ............................................ 206
10.The Use of Market-Based Instruments in the
Transition from a Carbon-Based Economy ..................... 207
Catherine Banet
I. Introduction .......................................... 207
II. Rationale for market-based instruments ................ 208
III. Green, white, and brown certificates as new
market instruments .................................... 212
IV. Green certificates .................................... 213
V. White certificates .................................... 218
VI. Brown certificates .................................... 222
VII. Conclusions ........................................... 228
11.Heavy Duty Transition Fuels: Oil Sands and Heavy Oil ....... 231
Alastair R. Lucas, Chidinma В. Thompson, and Olurotimi
Williams Daudu
I. Introduction: hydrocarbon energy resources ............ 231
II. Oil sands and heavy oil: unconventional oil ........... 233
III. The bitumen-rich ...................................... 234
IV. The significance of property rights ................... 238
V. Oil sands policy and law ............................... 240
VI. Assessing the bitumen-rich states ..................... 242
VII. Conclusions ........................................... 263
12.Biofuels: EU Law and Policy ................................ 265
Inigo del Guayo
I. Introduction .......................................... 265
II. What are biofuels? .................................... 266
III. The legal relevance of a definition of biofuels ....... 267
IV. The biofuels industry in the European Union ........... 269
V. The existing legal framework .......................... 271
VI. 2006 Biofuels Strategy ................................ 275
VII. The role of biofuels in the new Energy Policy for
Europe 2007 ........................................... 276
VIII.Towards a new legal framework for biofuels in the
European Union ........................................ 277
IX. Amendment of the directive: binding targets? .......... 279
X. Filling the gaps for the sake of an integrated
biofuels policy ....................................... 281
XI. Biofuels and technology ............................... 283
XII. Conclusion: biofuels and the energy system ............ 284
13.Reducing Carbon-Based Electricity Generation: Is the
Answer Blowing in the Wind? ................................ 287
Aileen McHarg and Anita Rønne
I. Introduction .......................................... 287
II. Obstacles to the expansion of wind energy ............. 290
III. The European Community law framework .................. 292
IV. Wind energy in Denmark ................................ 295
V. Wind energy in the United Kingdom ..................... 305
VI. Conclusion ............................................ 315
14.The Role of Law in the Future of Nuclear Power ............. 319
Donald N. Zillman
I. The status of nuclear power in the world .............. 320
II. The risks of nuclear power ............................ 321
III. The revival of nuclear power .......................... 323
IV. The role of law in nuclear power's future ............. 326
V. Conclusion ............................................ 336
15.Legal Aspects of Carbon Capture and Storage ................ 339
Nigel Bankes and Martha Roggenkamp
I. Introduction .......................................... 339
II. A policy overview of the development of CCS ........... 340
III. The four stages of CCS ................................ 345
IV. The risks associated with CCS ......................... 348
V. The legal issues associated with CCS .................. 350
VI. Conclusions ........................................... 375
PART 4: NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
16.China's Plight in Moving towards a Low-Carbon Future:
Analysis from the Perspective of Energy Law ................ 379
Wang Mingyuan
I. Introduction .......................................... 379
II. Background ............................................ 380
III. Enhancement of energy efficiency and promotion of
energy conservation ................................... 381
IV. Development of renewable energy ....................... 389
V. Promoting the development of new technology of
nuclear energy and hydrogen energy .................... 396
VI. Conclusion ............................................ 398
17.Energy for the Future: Brazilian Law and Policy ............ 399
Yanko Marcius de Alencar Xavier
I. Introduction .......................................... 399
II. Oil and gas regulation in Brazil ...................... 400
III. The 1988 federal constitution and the introduction
of biomass into the Brazilian energy matrix ........... 402
IV. Programs developed in Brazil for the use of
biomass as energy source .............................. 404
V. Conclusion ............................................ 417
18.The Indian Way: Exploring the Synergies between
Development, Energy and Climate Goals ...................... 419
Lavanya Rajamani
I. Introduction .......................................... 419
II. India's international stance .......................... 421
III. India's domestic stance: a focus on co-benefits ....... 426
IV. Synergies between development, energy, and climate
goals ................................................. 438
19.The Future of an Economy Based on Oil Exploitation:
The Mexican Case ........................................... 441
Jose Juan Gonzalez
I. Introduction .......................................... 441
II. The importance of the oil industry for the Mexi
can economy ........................................... 441
III. Changing the future through promoting alternative
sources of energy to reduce dependence on the oil
industry .............................................. 445
IV. The role of legislation in promoting or preventing
the use of alternative sources of energy .............. 450
V. Conclusion ............................................ 457
20.Law in the Schism: Its Role in Moving beyond the
Carbon Economy in Australia ................................ 459
Lee Godden
I. Introduction .......................................... 459
II. Background ............................................ 460
III. What has been happening? .............................. 466
IV. Environmental impact assessment ....................... 470
V. Emergent technologies ................................. 478
VI. Business and community partnerships ................... 479
VII. Conclusion ............................................ 480
21.In Search of the Optimum Energy Mix: Japanese Laws
Promoting Non-Fossil-Fuel Energy ........................... 481
Kazuhiro Nakatani
I. Introduction .......................................... 481
II. Overview of Japanese policies and laws promoting
alternative energy .................................... 482
III. Japan's basic law on energy policy .................... 483
IV. Japanese laws for promoting new energy ................ 486
V. Legal structure concerning nuclear energy in Japan .... 488
VI. Japan and ITER ........................................ 494
VII. Concluding remarks .................................... 495
22.Energy Resources Management in Russia: Policy and Law ...... 497
Irina Krasnova
I. Introduction .......................................... 497
II. The fuel and energy sector ............................ 498
III. Russian energy policy in the international context .... 500
IV. Priorities in the national energy policy .............. 501
V. Hydrocarbons legislation .............................. 504
VI. Legislation on alternative energy resources ........... 508
VII. Enhancement of energy efficiency ...................... 511
VIII.Legal protection of air from greenhouse gas
pollution ............................................. 512
IX. Conclusion ............................................ 515
23.Diversified Leadership for Moving beyond the Carbon
Economy in the United States ............................... 517
John W. Gulliver and Keith A. Wheeler
I. The adjustment of the competitive economy in the
United States ......................................... 517
II. The role of the private sector ........................ 519
III. The role of the states ................................ 527
IV. Courts and the role of litigation ..................... 530
V. The future ............................................ 536
PART 5: PULLING THE THREADS TOGETHER: AN OVERVIEW OF THE
CHALLENGES FOR LAW OF MOVING BEYOND A CARBON ECONOMY
24.Overview and Conclusions ................................... 543
Donald N. Zillman, Catherine Redgwell, Yinka O. Omorogbe,
andLila Barrera-Hernandez
I. Moving beyond the carbon economy: is there a carbon
crisis? ............................................... 543
II. Meeting the crisis: no 'one size fits all' solution ... 546
III. The role of law in moving beyond the carbon economy ... 549
Index ......................................................... 553
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