Preface ......................................................... v
List of Contributors .......................................... vii
From the Editors .............................................. xii
FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 1. Basic properties and measuring methods of
nanoparticles ....................................... 10
l.l. Size effect and properties of nanoparticles ................ 5
1.1.1. Definition of nanoparticles ......................... 5
1.1.2. Features of nanoparticles ........................... 5
1.1.3. Evaluation of size of nanoparticles ................. 5
1.1.4. Properties of nanoparticle and size effect .......... 6
1.1.5. Existing conditions of particles and their
properties ......................................... 10
1.2. Particle size ............................................. 10
1.2.1. Definition of particle size ........................ 10
1.2.2. Measuring methods .................................. 11
1.2.3. Key points in the measurements-Reference
particles for calibration .......................... 11
1.3. Particle shape ............................................ 12
1.3.1 Two-dimensional particle projection image .......... 12
1.3.2. Three-dimensional particle image ................... 12
1.3.3. Particle shape index using particle diameter
ratio .............................................. 12
1.3.4. Particle shape expression by fractal dimension ..... 13
1.3.5. Particle shape analysis by Fourier analysis ........ 14
1.3.6. Particle shape analysis of nanoparticle ............ 14
1.4. Particle density .......................................... 14
1.4.1. Density measurement of powders composed of
nanoparticles ...................................... 14
1.4.2. Density measurement of individual particles ........ 15
1.5. Melting point, surface tension, wettability ............... 18
1.5.1. Melting point ...................................... 18
1.5.2. Surface tension .................................... 18
1.5.3. Wettability ........................................ 19
1.6. Specific surface area and pore ............................ 20
1.7. Composite structure ....................................... 24
1.7.1. Composite structure of nanoparticle ................ 23
1.7.2. Evaluation method of composite structure using
electron microscopy ................................ 24
1.7.3. Microstructure evaluation of several types of
nano composite particles ........................... 25
1.8. Crystal structure ......................................... 28
1.8.1. Particle size dependence of crystalline phases
of zirconia ........................................ 28
1.8.2. Size effect and crystalline phases of
ferroelectric materials ............................ 30
1.9. Surface characteristics ................................... 32
1.10.Mechanical property ....................................... 36
1.11.Electrical properties ..................................... 38
11.1.Introduction ......................................... 38
11.2.Novel characterization method for the dielectric
property ............................................. 39
11.3.LST relation ......................................... 39
11.4.Measurement of the dielectric constant of
nanoparticles ........................................ 40
1.12.Magnetic properties ....................................... 42
1.12.1.Classification of magnetism ........................ 42
1.12.2.Magnetism of metal materials ....................... 43
1.12.3.Magnetism of oxide material ........................ 43
1.12.4.Magnetic characteristics of nanosized materials .... 44
1.13.Optical property of nanoparticle .......................... 45
1.13.1.Band structure of nanoparticles .................... 45
1.13.2.Measurement method of optical properties of
nanoparticles ...................................... 47
Chapter 2. Structural control of nanoparticles ................. 54
2.1. Structure construction and function adaptation of
nanoparticles ............................................. 51
2.1.1. Structures of nanoparticles ........................ 51
2.1.2. Hollow particles ................................... 52
2.1.3. Core-shell particles ............................... 52
2.1.4. Simple inorganic nanoparticles ..................... 54
2.1.5. Simple organic nanoparticles
2.1.6. Summary ............................................ 55
2.2. Particle size ............................................. 56
2.2.1. Gas-phase method ................................... 56
2.2.2. Liquid-phase method ................................ 58
2.2.3. Supercritical hydrothermal method .................. 61
2.2.4. Solid-phase method ................................. 65
2.2.5. Grinding method .................................... 69
2.3. Particle shape ............................................ 71
2.3.1. Gas-phase process .................................. 71
2.3.2. Liquid-phase method ................................ 76
2.4. Composite structure ....................................... 79
79
87 91
2.4.1. Gas-phase method ................................... 79
2.4.2. Solution method .................................... 84
2.4.3. Supercritical approach ............................. 87
2.4.4. Mechanical processes ............................... 91
2.5. Pore structure ............................................ 94
2.5.1. Gas-phase method ................................... 94
2.5.2. Liquid-phase synthesis ............................ 100
2.6. Nanoparticle design for DDS .............................. 105
2.6.1. Drug delivery with nanoparticle ................... 109
2.6.2. Design of nano drug carrier ....................... 106
2.6.3. Design of nanoparticle surface and application
for DDS ........................................... 108
2.6.4. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology ..................... 109
2.7. Nanotubes (CNT) ..................................... 109
2.7.1. Production of MWNT by arc discharge method ........ 110
2.7.2. Production of SWNT by arc discharge method ........ 110
Chapter 3. Characteristics and behavior of nanoparticles
and its dispersion systems ......................... 115
3.1. Introduction of nanoparticle dispersion and
aggregation behavior ..................................... 115
3.1.1. Surface interaction between nanoparticles ......... 115
3.1.2. Difficulty in nanoparticle dispersion control
based on DLVO theory .............................. 115
3.1.3. Difficulty in nanoparticle dispersion,
discussion based on the effect of particle
diameter and solid fraction on distance
between particle surface .......................... 116
3.1.4. Surface molecular-level structure of
nanoparticles [3] ................................. 117
3.1.5. Basic approach to control nanoparticle
dispersion behavior ............................... 118
3.2. Single nanoparticle motion in fluid ...................... 119
3.2.1. Single particle motion ............................ 119
3.2.2. Phoretic phenomena ................................ 121
3.3. Brownian diffusion ....................................... 126
3.4. Adsorption properties and wettability of
nanoparticle surface ................................ 127
3.5. Interactions between particles ........................... 129
3.5.1. Interactions between particles in gases and
control of adhesion ............................... 129
3.5.2. Control of interactions between particles in
liquids ........................................... 139
3.5.3. Characterization techniques for interactions
between particles ................................. 146
3.6. Aggregation and dispersion, characterization
and control .............................................. 157
3.6.1. Aggregation and dispersion in gas phase ........... 157
3.6.2. Liquid phase ...................................... 159
3.6.3. Dispersion in organic solvent and polymer resin ... 163
3.7. Rheology of slurry ....................................... 165
3.7.1. Fundamentals of suspension rheology ............... 165
3.7.2. Rheological property of nanoparticle dispersed
suspension ........................................ 168
3.8. Simulation of colloidal dispersion system ................ 169
3.8.1. Space-time mapping of simulation methods .......... 170
3.8.2. Simulation methods in nano/mesoscale .............. 172
3.8.3. Recent simulation methods including
hydrodynamic interaction .......................... 174
3.8.4. Closing remark .................................... 175
Chapter 4. Control of nanostructure of materials .............. 179
4.1. Assembly of nanoparticles and functionalization .......... 179
4.2. Nanoparticles arranged structures ........................ 179
4.2.1. Photonic fractal .................................. 179
4.2.2. Nanoparticle patterning by nanobiotechnology:
Peptide ........................................... 182
4.2.3. Preparation of ceramic films by liquid-phase
processing: Electrophoresis ....................... 187
4.3. Nanopore structure ....................................... 190
4.3.1. Microporous material: Zeolite ..................... 190
4.3.2. Preparation of nanoporous material by dry
processing ........................................ 194
4.3.3. Ordered porous structures ......................... 196
4.3.4. Nanoporous materials (Titania nanotubes) .......... 199
4.4. Nanocomposite structure .................................. 203
4.4.1. Catalyst microstructure ........................... 203
4.4.2. Percolation structure ............................. 206
4.4.3. Structure of filler orientation in matrix ......... 210
4.4.4. In situ particle polymerization ................... 213
4.4.5. ECAP .............................................. 216
4.5. Structure control of nanoparticle collectives
by sintering and bonding ................................. 222
4.5.1. Sintering of nanoparticles ........................ 222
4.5.2. Low temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) ........... 226
4.5.3. Nanostructure control of a joined interface ....... 230
4.5.4. Joining by FSW .................................... 233
4.5.5. Aerosol deposition method for nanostructuring
of crystal layer and its applications ............. 236
4.5.6. Suppression of particle growth in sintering
nanoparticles ..................................... 242
4.5.7. Fabrication of nanoceramics by colloidal
processing ........................................ 246
4.6. Self-assembly ............................................ 250
4.6.1. Self-organization of nanoparticles ................ 250
4.6.2. Assembling and patterning of particles ............ 256
4.6.3. Fabrication of organic/inorganic mesoporous
materials ......................................... 262
Chapter 5. Characterization methods for nanostructure of
materials .......................................... 269
5.1. Nanostructure and function (characterization of local
nanostructure) ........................................... 269
5.2. Crystal structure ........................................ 270
5.2.1. X-ray diffraction method .......................... 270
5.2.2. Small-angle X-ray scattering ...................... 272
5.2.3. Neutron diffraction ............................... 274
5.2.4. Raman scattering .................................. 277
5.3. Surface structure ........................................ 279
5.3.1. AFM ............................................... 279
5.3.2. STM ............................................... 284
5.3.3. FT-IR ............................................. 287
5.3.4. XPS ............................................... 290
5.3.5. Wettability ....................................... 294
5.4. Nanopore characterization ................................ 297
5.4.1. Type of nitrogen isotherms and pore
characteristics implied ........................... 298
5.4.2. Micropore filling phenomenon and PSD analysis ..... 298
5.4.3. Capillary condensation phenomenon and PSD
analysis .......................................... 299
5.4.4. Other methods of interest ......................... 302
5.5. Grain boundaries and interfaces .......................... 303
5.5.1. The role of ТЕМ ................................... 303
5.5.2. Analytical ТЕМ (АЕМ) .............................. 306
5.5.3. Three-dimensional electron tomography (3D-ET) ..... 310
5.6. Evaluation methods for oxide heterostructures ............ 312
Chapter 6. Evaluation methods for properties of
nanostructured body ................................ 319
6.1. Functionality of nanostructures and their
characteristic evaluation ................................ 319
6.1.1. What are nanostructures? .......................... 319
6.1.2. Examples showing how the functions of
nanostructures are performed ...................... 320
6.1.3. Functionality and characteristic evaluation ....... 322
6.2. Mechanical properties .................................... 324
6.2.1. Strength, fracture toughness and fatigue
behavior .......................................... 324
6.2.2. Elastic constants: hardness ....................... 326
6.2.3. Creep/superplasticity ............................. 329
6.2.4. Tribological properties ........................... 332
6.2.5. Nanoindentation ................................... 335
6.3. Thermophysical properties ................................ 336
6.3.1. Thermophysical properties related to transfer
and storage of heat ............................... 336
6.3.2. Front-face heating/front-face detection
picosecond thermoreflectance method ............... 338
6.3.3. Picosecond thermoreflectance method by rear
face heating/front-face detection ................. 339
6.3.1. Nanosecond thermoreflectance method ............... 341
6.3.5. Thin film thermophysical property reference
material and traceability ......................... 341
6.3.6. Summary ........................................... 342
6.4. Electric properties ...................................... 344
6.4.1. Dielectric properties ............................. 344
6.4.2. Electrical conduction properties .................. 349
6.4.3. Thermoelectric properties ......................... 354
6.5. Electrochemical properties ............................... 358
6.5.1. Electrode reaction ................................ 358
6.5.2. Characteristics of sensors ........................ 362
6.5.3. Electrochemical reactivity ........................ 366
6.6. Magnetic properties ...................................... 370
6.6.1. Super paramagnetism ............................... 370
6.6.2. Material-specific discussion ...................... 370
6.7. Optical properties ....................................... 372
6.7.1. Transparency of nanoparticle ...................... 372
6.7.2. Photonic crystal .................................. 375
6.8. Catalytic property ....................................... 377
6.9. Properties of gas permeation and separation membranes .... 380
Chapter 7. Environmental and safety issues with
nanoparticles ...................................... 387
7.1. Introduction ............................................. 387
7.2. Nanoparticles and environment ............................ 387
7.2.1. Nanoparticles in atmospheric environment .......... 387
7.2.2. Ground water environments and nanoparticles ....... 389
7.2.3. Nanoparticles in exhaust gases .................... 390
7.2.4. Nanoparticles in wastewater ....................... 392
7.2.5. Indoor environments and nanoparticles ............. 393
7.2.6. Industrial processes and nanoparticles ............ 396
7.3. Safety of nanoparticles .................................. 400
7.3.1. Problems caused by nanoparticles .................. 400
7.3.2. Health effects on nanoparticles ................... 401
7.3.3. Safety assessment for the nanoparticles ........... 406
7.4. Removal of nanoparticles ................................. 410
7.4.1. Principle of particle removal ..................... 410
7.4.2. Removal of nanoparticles suspended in gas ......... 410
7.4.3. Removal of nanoparticles in liquid ................ 413
APPLICATIONS .................................................. 423
Subject Index ................................................. 609
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