Encyclopedia of physics Vol.1: A-L / ed. by Lerner R.G., Trigg G.L. - 3rd compl. rev. a enl. ed. - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005. - xiii, 1354 p. - ISBN 3-527-40554-2  Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ..................................................... xiii List of Contributors ........................................... xv Volume 1 Absorption Coefficient .......................................... 1 Accelerators, Linear ............................................ 2 Accelerators, Potential-Drop Linear ............................ 10 Acoustical Measurements ........................................ 21 Acoustics ...................................................... 29 Acoustics, Architectural ....................................... 32 Acoustics, Linear and Nonlinear ................................ 35 Acoustics, Physiological ....................................... 50 Acoustoelectric Effect ......................................... 54 Adsorption ..................................................... 57 Aerosols ....................................................... 61 Allotropy and Polymorphism ..................................... 63 Alloys ......................................................... 65 Alpha Decay .................................................... 67 Ampere's Law ................................................... 71 Anelasticity ................................................... 72 Angular Correlation of Nuclear Radiation ....................... 76 Antimatter ..................................................... 81 Arcs and Sparks ................................................ 84 Astronomy, High-Energy Neutrino ................................ 89 Astronomy, Optical ............................................. 100 Astronomy, Radio ............................................... 103 Astronomy, X-Ray ............................................... 110 Astrophysics, 122 Atmospheric Physics ............................................ 126 Atomic Spectroscopy ............................................ 130 Atomic Structure Calculations, Electronic Correlation .......... 138 Atomic Structure Calculations, One-Electron Models ............. 141 Atomic Structure Calculations, Relativistic Atoms .............. 149 Atomic Trapping and Cooling .................................... 157 Atoms .......................................................... 161 Auger Effect ................................................... 169 Aurora ......................................................... 173 Balmer Formula ................................................. 177 Baryons ....................................................... 179 Beams, Atomic and Molecular .................................... 182 Beta Decay ..................................................... 186 Betatron ....................................................... 190 Bethe-Salpeter Equation ........................................ 192 Binding Energy ................................................. 197 Biophysics ..................................................... 198 Black Holes .................................................... 203 Blackbody Radiation ............................................ 208 Bohr Theory of Atomic Structure ................................ 212 Bose-Einstein Condensation ..................................... 218 Bose-Einstein Statistics ....................................... 221 Boundary Layers ................................................ 223 Bremsstrahlung ................................................. 226 Brillouin Scattering ........................................... 230 Brownian Motion ................................................ 233 Calorimetry .................................................... 235 Capillary Flow ................................................. 238 Carnot Cycle ................................................... 241 Casimir Effect ................................................. 244 Catalysis ...................................................... 246 Catastrophe Theory ............................................. 250 Cellular Automata .............................................. 258 Center-of-Mass System .......................................... 262 Ceramics ....................................................... 263 Cerenkov Radiation ............................................. 267 Channeling ..................................................... 268 Chaos .......................................................... 272 Charge-Density Waves ........................................... 277 Charged-Particle Optics ........................................ 281 Charged-Particle Spectroscopy .................................. 286 Chemical Bonding ............................................... 295 Chemiluminescence .............................................. 304 Circuits, Integrated ........................................... 306 Clocks, Atomic and Molecular ................................... 310 Cloud and Bubble Chambers ...................................... 312 Cold Atoms and Molecules ....................................... 316 Collisions, Atomic and Molecular ............................... 317 Color Centers .................................................. 332 Combustion and Flames .......................................... 349 Complementarity ................................................ 354 Complex Systems ................................................ 356 Compton Effect ................................................. 359 Conduction ..................................................... 362 Conservation Laws .............................................. 364 Constants, Fundamental ......................................... 371 Coriolis Acceleration .......................................... 393 Corona Discharge ............................................... 394 Cosmic Rays, Astrophysical Effects ............................. 397 Cosmic Rays, Solar System Effects .............................. 410 Cosmic Strings ................................................. 418 Cosmology ...................................................... 421 Counting Tubes ................................................. 428 CPT Theorem .................................................... 438 Critical Points ................................................ 441 Cryogenics ..................................................... 444 Crystal and Ligand Fields ...................................... 447 Crystal Binding ................................................ 449 Crystal Defects ................................................ 451 Crystal Growth ................................................. 455 Crystal Symmetry ............................................... 458 Crystallography, X-Ray ......................................... 474 Currents in Particle Theory .................................... 487 Cyclotron ...................................................... 490 Cyclotron Resonance ............................................ 497 Deformation of Crystalline Materials ........................... 499 de Haas-van Alphen Effect ...................................... 502 Demineralization ............................................... 507 Diamagnetism and Superconductivity ............................. 508 Dielectric Properties .......................................... 512 Diffraction .................................................... 516 Diffusion ...................................................... 526 Dispersion Theory .............................................. 528 Doppler Effect ................................................. 532 Dynamic Critical Phenomena ..................................... 534 Dynamics, Analytical ........................................... 535 Eigenfunctions ................................................. 547 Elasticity ..................................................... 548 Electric Charge ................................................ 553 Electric Moments ............................................... 554 Electrochemical Conversion and Storage ......................... 557 Electrochemistry ............................................... 563 Electrodynamics, Classical ..................................... 567 Electroluminescence ............................................ 574 Electromagnetic Interaction .................................... 579 Electromagnetic Radiation ...................................... 583 Electromagnets ................................................. 589 Electron ....................................................... 591 Electron and Ion Beams, Intense ................................ 595 Electron and Ion Impact Phenomena .............................. 600 Electron Beam Technology ....................................... 605 Electron Bombardment of Atoms and Molecules .................... 611 Electron Diffraction ........................................... 616 Electron Energy States in Solids and Liquids ................... 621 Electron-Hole Droplets in Semiconductors ....................... 631 Electron Microscopy ............................................ 635 Electron Spin Resonance ........................................ 637 Electron Tubes ................................................. 644 Electronics .................................................... 651 Electronic Noses ............................................... 659 Electrophoresis ................................................ 663 Electrophotography ............................................. 665 Electrostatics ................................................. 669 Elementary Particles in Physics ................................ 671 Elements ....................................................... 713 Ellipsometry ................................................... 718 Energy and Work ................................................ 720 Entropy ........................................................ 723 Equations of State ............................................. 725 Ergodic Theory ................................................. 728 Error Analysis ................................................. 730 Excitons ....................................................... 734 Far-Infrared Spectra ........................................... 737 Faraday Effect ................................................. 741 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction ..................... 742 Fatigue ........................................................ 744 Fermi-Dirac Statistics ......................................... 746 Fermi Surface .................................................. 748 Ferrimagnetism ................................................. 753 Ferroelasticity ................................................ 761 Ferroelectricity ............................................... 763 Ferromagnetism ................................................. 768 Feynman Diagrams ............................................... 777 Fiber Optics ................................................... 779 Field Emission ................................................. 782 Field-Ion Microscopy ........................................... 785 Field Theory, Axiomatic ........................................ 791 Field Theory, Classical ........................................ 797 Field Theory, Unified .......................................... 803 Fields ......................................................... 805 Fine and Hyperfine Spectra and Interactions .................... 807 Fluctuation Phenomena .......................................... 813 Fluid Physics .................................................. 819 Formation of Stars and Planets ................................. 835 Fourier Transforms ............................................. 840 Fractals ....................................................... 847 Franck-Condon Principle ........................................ 850 Fraunhofer Lines ............................................... 851 Free Energy .................................................... 853 Friction ....................................................... 854 Fullerenes ..................................................... 858 Galaxies ....................................................... 863 Galvanomagnetic and Related Effects ............................ 867 Gamma Decay .................................................... 871 Gamma-Ray Spectrometers ........................................ 875 Gauge Theories ................................................. 877 Gauss's Law .................................................... 882 Geochronology .................................................. 884 Geomagnetism ................................................... 888 Geometric Quantum Phase ........................................ 891 Geophysics, 893 Glass .......................................... 902 Glassy Metals .................................................. 904 Grand Unified Theories ......................................... 909 Gratings, Diffraction .......................................... 916 Gravitation .................................................... 918 Gravitational Lenses ........................................... 931 Gravitational Waves ............................................ 934 Gravity, Earth's ............................................... 937 Group Theory in Physics ........................................ 941 Gyromagnetic Ratio ............................................. 952 Theorem ........................................................ 955 Hadrons ........................................................ 956 Hadron Colliders at High Energy ................................ 958 Hall Effect .................................................... 965 Hall Effect, Quantum ........................................... 969 Hamiltonian Function ........................................... 972 Heat ........................................................... 975 Heat Capacity .................................................. 976 Heat Engines ................................................... 978 Heat Transfer .................................................. 982 Heavy-Fermion Materials ........................................ 988 Helium, Liquid ................................................. 992 Helium, Solid ................................................. 1001 Hidden Variables .............................................. 1010 High-Field Atomic States ...................................... 1013 High Temperature .............................................. 1015 History of Physics ............................................ 1024 Holography .................................................... 1044 Hot Atom Chemistry ............................................ 1052 Hot Cells and Remote Handling Equipment ....................... 1054 Hubble Effect ................................................. 1057 Hydrodynamics ................................................. 1060 Hydrogen Bond ................................................. 1065 Hypernuclear Physics and Hypernuclear Interactions ............ 1072 Hyperons ...................................................... 1076 Hysteresis .................................................... 1078 Ice ........................................................... 1081 Inclusive Reactions ........................................... 1087 Inertial Fusion ............................................... 1090 Infrared Spectroscopy ......................................... 1096 Insulators .................................................... 1102 Interatomic and Intermolecular Forces ......................... 1106 Interferometers and Interferometry ............................ 1110 Intermediate Valence Compounds ................................ 1114 Internal Friction in Crystals ................................. 1120 Interstellar Medium ........................................... 1123 Invariance Principles ......................................... 1127 Inversion and Internal Rotation ............................... 1132 Ionization .................................................... 1139 Ionosphere .................................................... 1143 Ising Model ................................................... 1145 Isobaric Analog States ........................................ 1147 Isomeric Nuclei ............................................... 1150 Isospin ....................................................... 1155 Isotope Effects ............................................... 1160 Isotope Separation ............................................ 1163 Isotopes ...................................................... 1176 Jahn-Teller Effect ............................................ 1197 Josephson Effects ............................................. 1198 Kepler's Laws ................................................. 1205 Kerr Effect, Electro-Optical .................................. 1208 Kerr Effect, Magneto-Optical .................................. 1209 Kinematics and Kinetics ....................................... 1212 Kinetic Theory ................................................ 1218 Kinetics Chemical ............................................. 1226 Klystrons and Traveling-Wave Tubes ............................ 1228 Kondo Effect .................................................. 1232 Laser Spectroscopy ............................................ 1239 Laser Cooling ................................................. 1246 Lasers ........................................................ 1254 Lattice Dynamics .............................................. 1284