Preface ........................................................ V
Measurements and Simulations of the Flow Field in an
Electrically Excited Meander Micromixer
Dominik P.J. Barz, Hamid Farangis Zadeh, Peter Ehrhard ....... 1
1. Introduction ................................................. 1
2. Experimental Realization ..................................... 3
2.1. Electroosmosis .......................................... 3
2.2. Experimental Setup ...................................... 3
2.3. Electrical Excitation ................................... 5
2.4. Micromixer .............................................. 5
2.5. Optical Measurement Technique ........................... 5
3. Theoretical Model ............................................ 8
4. Results ..................................................... 10
4.1. Electroosmotic Flow in the Straight Channel
of the Micromixer ...................................... 10
4.2. Electroosmotic Flow in the Meander Bends
of the Micromixer ...................................... 13
5. Summary and Outlook ......................................... 15
References .................................................. 16
Index ....................................................... 17
Characterization of Microfluidic Devices by Measurements
with μ-PIV and CLSM
Michael Schlüter, Marko Hoffmann, Norbert Räbiger ........... 19
1. Introduction ................................................ 19
2. Experimental Setup .......................................... 21
3. Results and Discussion ...................................... 24
4. Conclusion .................................................. 30
References .................................................. 31
Index ....................................................... 32
Time-Resolved PIV Measurements of Vortical Structures in the
Upper Human Airways
Sebastian Große, Wolfgang Schröder, Michael Klaas ........... 35
1. Introduction ................................................ 36
2. Experimental Setup .......................................... 39
2.1. Lung Model ............................................. 39
2.2. In- and Outflow Conditions ............................. 39
2.3. Flow Parameters ........................................ 41
2.4. Tracer Particles ....................................... 42
2.5. Measurement Equipment and Image Evaluation ............. 43
3. Results ..................................................... 44
3.1. Multiplane Measurements ................................ 44
3.2. Steady Inspiration and Expiration ...................... 46
3.3. Oscillating Flow ....................................... 49
4. Conclusion and Outlook ...................................... 50
References .................................................. 52
PIV Measurements of Flows in Artificial Heart Valves
Radoslav Kaminsky, Stephan Kallweit, Massimiliano Rossi,
Umberto Morbiducci, Lorenzo Scalise, Pascal Verdonck,
Enrico Primo Tomasini ....................................... 55
1. Introduction ................................................ 55
2. Materials and Methods ....................................... 57
2.1. The Testing Loop ....................................... 57
2.1.1. Time-Resolved PIV: Measurement Technique ........ 59
2.1.2. 3D PIV: Measurement Technique ................... 61
3. Results ..................................................... 62
3.1. Time-Resolved PIV: Results ............................. 62
3.2. 3D PIV: Results ........................................ 64
4. Discussion .................................................. 66
4.1. Time-Resolved PIV ...................................... 66
4.2. Stereoscopic PIV ....................................... 69
References .................................................. 70
Index ....................................................... 72
Particle Image Velocimetry in Lung Bifurcation Models
Raf Theunissen, Michel L. Riethmuller ....................... 73
1. Introduction ................................................ 74
2. Pulmonary Physiology ........................................ 75
3. PIV Measurements in Bifurcation Models ...................... 76
3.1. LDV and PIV in a Single 3D Bifurcation Model ........... 76
3.2. LDV and Digital PIV in a Multiple 2D Bifurcations
Model .................................................. 79
3.3. PIV in a Multiple 3D Bifurcations Model ................ 84
3.4. PIV in a Single Alveolated Bend ........................ 91
4. Particle-Deposition Measurements in Respiratory Airway
Models ...................................................... 94
4.1. PTV in a Multiple 3D Bifurcations Model ................ 94
4.2. PTV in a Single Alveolated Bend ........................ 95
5. Conclusions ................................................. 98
References ................................................. 100
Tomographic 3D-PIV and Applications
Gerrit E. Elsinga, Bernhard Wieneke, Fulvio Scarano,
Andreas Schroder ........................................... 103
1. Introduction ............................................... 104
2. Principles of Tomographic PIV .............................. 104
2.1. Tomographic Reconstruction Algorithm .................. 105
2.2. Numerical Assessment of Performances .................. 107
3. Applications to Circular Cylinder Wakes .................... 110
3.1. Experimental Procedure ................................ 110
3.2. Results ............................................... 1ll
3.3. An Experimental Assessment: Comparison with
Stereo-PIV ............................................ 114
3.4. Time-Resolved Measurements in Water Flow .............. 115
4. Application to Turbulent Boundary Layers ................... 116
4.1. Coherent Motion ....................................... 116
4.2. Time-Resolved Measurements of a Turbulent Boundary
Layer and Spot in Air ................................. 119
5. Summary .................................................... 121
References ................................................. 124
Index ...................................................... 125
Recent Developments of PIV towards 3D Measurements
M. Pilar Arroyo, Klaus D. Hinsch ........................... 127
1. Introduction ............................................... 127
2. Dual-Plane PIV ............................................. 128
3. Multiple-Plane PIV ......................................... 130
3.1. Generation of Lightsheets ............................. 130
3.2. Holographic Recording of Particles .................... 131
3.3. Digital Image Plane Holography (DIPH) ................. 132
4. Adjustable-Depth Volume PIV ................................ 135
4.1. Defocus-Evaluating PIV ................................ 135
4.2. Tomographic PIV ....................................... 136
4.3. Off-Axis Holography ................................... 138
5. Full-Flow-Depth Volume Techniques .......................... 139
5.1. Optical Forward Scattering Holography ................. 139
5.2. Polarization Multiplexed Holography with
Bacteriorhodopsin ..................................... 140
5.3. Digital In-Line Holography ............................ 141
5.4. Light-in-Flight Holography ............................ 144
6. Conclusions ................................................ 146
References ................................................. 149
Index ...................................................... 153
Digital In-Line Holography System for 3D-3C Particle
Tracking Velocimetry
Mokrane Malek, Denis Lebrun, Daniel Allano ................. 155
1. Introduction ............................................... 155
2. Theoretical Background ..................................... 156
3. 3D Velocity Field Extraction and Data Postprocessing ....... 158
3.1. Extraction of 3D Particle Images ...................... 158
3.2. Computation of the 3D Velocity Field .................. 160
3.2.1. Dual-Number Quaternion for 3D Pose
Estimation ..................................... 160
3.2.2. Three-Dimensional Point-Matching Algorithm ..... 162
4. Simulations ................................................ 165
5. Experimental Results ....................................... 167
6. Conclusion ................................................. 168
References ................................................. 169
Index ...................................................... 170
Holographic PIV System Using a Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) Film
Thomas Ooms, Victor Chan, Jerry Westerweel, Wouter Коек,
Nandini Bhattacharya, Joseph Braat ......................... 171
1. Introduction ............................................... 171
2. BR Films ................................................... 172
3. Polarization Multiplexing .................................. 174
4. Holographic Imaging System and Data Processing ............. 175
4.1. System Configuration of Calibration Measurement
and Jet-Flow Measurement .............................. 175
4.1.1. Recording the Hologram ......................... 176
4.1.2. Reconstructing the Hologram .................... 178
4.1.3. Data Extraction ................................ 180
4.2. Configuration of Vortex-Ring-Flow Measurements ........ 181
4.2.1. Recording ...................................... 181
4.2.2. Flow ........................................... 182
4.2.3. Reconstruction ................................. 182
4.2.4. Data Analysis .................................. 183
5. Measurements ............................................... 184
5.1. Accuracy Test/Calibration ............................. 184
5.2. Jet Flow .............................................. 185
5.3. Vortex Ring Flow ...................................... 185
6. Future Outlook ............................................. 186
7. Conclusion ................................................. 187
References ................................................. 188
Index ...................................................... 189
Assessment of Different SPIV Processing Methods for an
Application to Near-Wall Turbulence
Jie Lin, Jean-Marc Foucaut, Jean-Philippe Laval, Nicolas
Perenne, Michel Stanislas .................................. 191
1. Introduction ............................................... 191
2. Stereoscopic PIV Algorithms ................................ 192
2.1. Vector-Warping and Image-Mapping Methods .............. 192
2.1.1. Empirical Backprojection ....................... 192
2.1.2. Vector Warping ................................. 193
2.1.3. Image Mapping .................................. 194
2.2. Soloff Method ......................................... 194
2.3. Comparison of the Three Methods ....................... 195
2.4. Calibration and Correction of Positions of the
Image Planes .......................................... 195
3. Experimental Setup ......................................... 196
3.1. Wind Tunnel ........................................... 196
3.2. SPIV Setup ............................................ 196
4. Stereoscopic PIV Processing ................................ 197
5. Method Selection ........................................... 207
6. Statistical Results for the 10 Planes ...................... 210
7. Conclusions ................................................ 218
References ................................................. 219
Index ...................................................... 221
Joint Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Flow
Around a Circular Cylinder at High Reynolds Number
Rodolphe Perrin, Charles Mockett, Marianna Braza,
Emmanuel Cid, Sebastien Cazin, Alain Sevrain, Patrick
Chassaing, Frank Thiele .................................... 223
1. Introduction ............................................... 223
2. Flow Configuration ......................................... 224
3. Method ..................................................... 225
3.1. Experimental Measurement Techniques ................... 225
3.2. Numerical Simulation Setup ............................ 226
3.3. Postprocessing Techniques ............................. 227
4. Presentation and Discussion of Results ..................... 229
4.1. Analysis of the Instantaneous Motion .................. 229
4.2. Steady Mean Motion .................................... 231
4.2.1. Integral Forces and Pressure Distribution ...... 231
4.2.2. Spanwise Homogeneity and Wall Effects .......... 232
4.2.3. Near-Wake Region ............................... 233
4.3. Coherent Motion ....................................... 236
4.3.1. Spectral Analysis .............................. 236
4.3.2. Phase-Averaged Motion .......................... 236
4.3.3. POD ............................................ 238
5. Conclusions and Future Work ................................ 238
References ................................................. 242
Index ...................................................... 243
Natural Gas Burners for Domestic and Industrial Appliances.
Application of the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
Technique
Lucio Araneo, Aldo Coghe, Fabio Cozzi, Andrea Olivani,
Giulio Solero .............................................. 245
1. Introduction ............................................... 245
2. PIV Measurements on a V-Flame: The First Attempt ........... 246
3. PIV Measurements on a Swirl Burner ......................... 249
4. Swirl Flow - Nonreacting Conditions ........................ 249
5. Swirl Flow - Reacting Conditions ........................... 251
6. Conclusions ................................................ 255
References ................................................. 256
Index ...................................................... 257
PIV Application to Fluid Dynamics of Bass Reflex Ports
Massimiliano Rossi, Enrico Esposito, Enrico Primo
Tomasini ................................................... 259
1. Introduction ............................................... 259
2. Experimental Setup ......................................... 261
2.1. The LDA System ........................................ 262
2.2. The PIV System ........................................ 263
3. Results .................................................... 264
3.1. Measurement Results: LDA .............................. 264
3.2. Measurement Results: PIV .............................. 266
4. Discussion ................................................. 268
References ................................................. 269
Index ...................................................... 270
Overview on PIV Application to Appliances
Enrico Primo Tomasini, Nicola Paone, Massimiliano Rossi,
Paolo Castellini ........................................... 271
1. Introduction ............................................... 271
2. Fluid Dynamics of Appliances ............................... 272
3. PIV Applied to Appliances .................................. 273
3.1. Seeding ............................................... 274
3.2. Optical Accesses ...................................... 275
3.3. Wall Reflections ...................................... 275
3.4. Working Conditions .................................... 275
3.5. Limitations of PIV on Appliances ...................... 276
4. Examples ................................................... 276
4.1. Ovens ................................................. 276
4.2. Air Conditioning Systems .............................. 276
4.3. Range Hoods ........................................... 277
4.4. Lamps ................................................. 278
5. Conclusions ................................................ 280
References ................................................. 281
Index ...................................................... 281
Selected Applications of Planar Imaging Velocimetry in
Combustion Test Facilities
Christian Willert, Guido Stockhausen, Melanie Voges,
Joachim Klinner, Richard Schodl, Christoph Hassa,
Bruno Schiirmans, Felix Giithe ............................. 283
1. Introduction ............................................... 283
2. Challenges on Diagnostics .................................. 284
2.1. Optical Access ........................................ 284
2.2. Imaging Aspects ....................................... 286
2.3. Seeding of High-Temperature, Reacting Gas Flows ....... 287
3. Sample Applications ........................................ 292
3.1. PIV in a Pressurized Single-Sector Combustor .......... 292
3.2. Stereoscopic PIV in a Generic Gas Combustor ........... 294
3.3. Phase-Resolved Measurements of a Gas-Turbine
Combustor ............................................. 297
3.4. Combined DGV and PIV in a Pressurized Gas-Turbine
Combustor ............................................. 302
4. Conclusions ................................................ 306
References ................................................. 308
Index ...................................................... 309
Recent Applications of Particle Image Velocimetry to Flow
Research in Thermal Turbomachinery
Jakob Woisetschlager, Fmil Gottlich ........................ 311
1. Introduction ............................................... 311
2. Recent Flow Research in Thermal Turbomachinery ............. 312
3. Optical Configuration ...................................... 316
3.1. General Configuration of the PIV System for Use in
Turbomachinery ........................................ 316
3.2. Stereoscopic PIV ...................................... 317
3.3. Seeding ............................................... 318
4. Lightsheet Delivery ........................................ 318
4.1. Data Recording ........................................ 319
5. Results .................................................... 320
6. Conclusions ................................................ 324
References ................................................. 325
Index ...................................................... 331
Two-Phase PIV: Fuel-Spray Interaction with Surrounding Air
Stefan Dankers, Mark Gotthardt, Thomas Stengler, Gerhard
Ohmstede, Werner Hentschel ................................. 333
1. Introduction ............................................... 333
2. Experimental ............................................... 334
3. Results .................................................... 337
4. Conclusions ................................................ 342
References ................................................. 342
Index ...................................................... 343
High-Speed PIV: Applications in Engines and Future
Prospects
David Towers, Catherine Towers ............................. 345
1. Introduction ............................................... 345
2. Experimental Systems ....................................... 347
2.1. Optical Setup ......................................... 347
2.2. Optical Engine ........................................ 348
2.3. Seed-Particle Selection ............................... 349
3. High-Speed Spray Imaging ................................... 349
3.1. Statistical Analysis of Cyclic Repeatability
of Spray Propagation ....................................... 352
4. High-Speed PIV ............................................. 353
4.1. Cyclic Variability Analysis of Temporally Resolved
PIV Data .............................................. 354
4.2. Results ............................................... 355
5. Future Prospects in High-Speed PIV ......................... 359
6. Conclusions ................................................ 359
References ................................................. 360
Index ...................................................... 361
PIV in the Car Industry: State-of-the-Art and Future
Perspectives
Davide Cardano, Giuseppe Carlino, Antonello Cogotti ........ 363
1. Introduction ............................................... 363
2. PIV in the Car Industry: Requirements ...................... 363
3. PIV in the Pininfarina Wind Tunnel ......................... 365
3.1. The PF 3D PIV Probe ................................... 365
3.2. PIV Application: Rear Wake ............................ 367
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives ........................ 370
References ................................................. 375
Index ...................................................... 375
Evaluation of Large-Scale Wing Vortex Wakes from Multi-
Camera PIV Measurements in Free-Flight Laboratory
Carl F. v. Carmer, Andre Heider, Andreas Schroder,
Robert Konrath, Janos Agocs, Anne Gilliot, Jean-Claude
Monnier .................................................... 377
1. Introduction ............................................... 377
2. Moving Multiple-Camera PIV in Aerial Wake of Flying
Aircraft Model ............................................. 378
2.1. Free-Flight Laboratory ................................ 379
2.2. Measurement Setup ..................................... 379
3. Vortex Identification ...................................... 381
4. Data Visualization and Analysis of Unequal-Strength
Corotating Vortex Pairs .................................... 383
4.1. PIV Evaluation of Multiple-Camera Images .............. 383
4.2. Velocity-Data Analysis of Wake-Vortex System .......... 385
5. Summary and Conclusions .................................... 391
References ................................................. 392
Index ...................................................... 394
Aerodynamic Performance Degradation Induced by Ice
Accretion. PIV Technique Assessment in Icing Wind Tunnel
Fabrizio De Gregorio ....................................... 395
1. Introduction ............................................... 395
2. Experimental Apparatus ..................................... 398
2.1. Icing Wind Tunnel (IWT) ............................... 398
2.2. Test Model ............................................ 399
2.3. PIV System ............................................ 400
3. Experimental Test .......................................... 403
3.1. PIV Assessment in CIRA-IWT ............................ 403
3.2. Performance Degradation Investigation ................. 405
4. Results and Discussions .................................... 407
4.1. PIV Assessment ........................................ 407
4.2. Performance Degradation Investigation ................. 409
5. Conclusions ................................................ 413
References ................................................. 416
Index ...................................................... 416
Analysis of the Vortex Street Generated at the Core-
Bypass Lip of a Jet-Engine Nozzle
Jose Nogueira, Mathieu Legrand, Sara Nauri, Pedro
A. Rodriguez, Antonio Lecuona .............................. 419
1. Introduction ............................................... 419
2. Experimental Setup ......................................... 420
3. Vortex-Street Characteristics and Possible Dynamics ........ 422
4. Vortex-Street Fine Detail .................................. 425
5. Conclusions ................................................ 426
References ................................................. 427
Index ...................................................... 428
PIV Measurements in Shock Tunnels and Shock Tubes
M. Havermann, J.Haertig, C. Rey, A. George ................. 429
1. Introduction ............................................... 429
2. PIV System ................................................. 430
3. Shock-Tunnel Experiments ................................... 430
3.1. ISL Shock-Tunnel Facility STA ......................... 430
3.2. Experimental Results .................................. 431
3.2.1. Cylinder Flow at Mach 6 ........................ 431
3.2.2. Lateral Jet-Crossflow Interaction .............. 435
4. Shock-Tube Experiments ..................................... 437
4.1. Vortex-Ring Shock Tube ................................ 437
4.2. Experimental Results .................................. 439
5. Conclusions ................................................ 441
References ................................................. 442
Index ...................................................... 443
Overview of PIV in Supersonic Flows
Fulvio Scarano ............................................. 445
1. Introduction ............................................... 445
2. Flow Seeding and Imaging ................................... 446
3. Experimental Assessment of Particle Response ............... 447
4. Online Seeding in Supersonic Wind Tunnel ................... 448
5. Storage-Tube Seeding in Hypersonic Wind Tunnels ............ 451
6. Seeding Concentration ...................................... 452
7. Hypersonic Compression Ramp Flow ........................... 454
8. Shock-Wave-Boundary-Layer Interaction ...................... 457
9. Conclusions ................................................ 459
References ................................................. 461
Index ...................................................... 463
PIV Investigation of Supersonic Base-Flow—Plume Interaction
Bas W. van Oudheusden, Fulvio Scarano ...................... 465
1. Introduction ............................................... 465
2. Experimental Arrangement ................................... 466
3. Experimental Results ....................................... 468
4. Comparison with CFD ........................................ 471
5. Conclusions ................................................ 473
References ................................................. 474
Index ...................................................... 474
Developments and Applications of PIV in Naval Hydrodynamics
Fabio Di Felice, Francisco Pereira ......................... 475
1. Introduction ............................................... 475
2. Needs and Requirements ..................................... 477
3. State-of-the-Art ........................................... 478
3.1. Surface-Ship Flows .................................... 478
3.2. Propulsor Hydrodynamics ............................... 481
3.3. Underwater Ship Flows ................................. 487
3.4. Two-Phase Bubble Flows ................................ 495
4. Conclusion ................................................. 498
References ................................................. 500
Index ...................................................... 502
Index ......................................................... 505
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