Table of Figures ............................................... xi
Foreword ..................................................... xiii
Acknowledgements .............................................. xvi
Introduction ................................................. xvii
Background ...................................................... 1
Basics of Plant Morphology ................................... 3
Practical Plant Identification ............................... 7
Botanical Nomenclature ....................................... 9
Description of Botanical Entries ............................ 11
Botanical Entries .............................................. 13
Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow) ............................ 14
Actaea racemosa L. (Black Cohosh) ........................... 16
Adonis vernalis L. (Spring Adonis) .......................... 18
Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Horse Chestnut) .................. 20
Agathosma betulina (P.J. Bergius) Pillans, A. crenulata (L.)
Pillans, A. serratifolia (Curtis) Spreeth (Buchu) ........ 21
Althaea officinalis L. (Marshmallow) ........................ 22
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Andrographis) ...... 23
Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Dong Quai) ................. 25
Apium graveolens L. (Celery) ................................ 26
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Uva-Ursi) ............. 27
Arnica montana L. (Arnica) .................................. 29
Artemisia absinthium L. (Wormwood) .......................... 31
Artemisia annua L. (Sweet Wormwood) ......................... 32
Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Astragalus) ................... 34
Berberis aquifolium Pursh, B. nervosa Pursh, B. repens
Lindl. (Oregon Grape) .................................... 36
Berberis vulgaris L. (Barberry) ............................. 37
Betulapendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh. (Birch) .............. 38
Calendula officinalis L. (Calendula) ........................ 39
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Shepherd's Purse) ...... 41
Carum carvi L. (Caraway) .................................... 42
Cauhphyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. (Blue Cohosh) ......... 44
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Gotu Kola) ..................... 45
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray (False Unicorn) ............ 46
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (Roman Chamomile) .............. 48
Cichorium intybus L. (Chicory) .............................. 49
Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander) ........................... 50
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC, Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
(Hawthorn) ............................................... 51
Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) ................................. 54
Cucurbitapepo L. (Pumpkin) .................................. 55
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (Scotch Broom) .................. 56
Dioscorea villosa L. (Wild Yam) ............................. 57
Echinacea angustifolia DC. (Echinacea angustifolia); E.
pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. (Echinacea pallida) ................ 58
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Echinacea purpurea) ......... 60
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.
(Eleuthero) .............................................. 62
Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., E. grandiflorum C. Morren,
E. koreanum Nakai, E. pubescens Maxim., E. sagittatum
(Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim., E. wushanense T. S. Ying
(Epimedium) .............................................. 63
Equisetum arvense L. (Horsetail) ............................ 66
Euphrasia officinalis L. (Eyebright) ........................ 68
Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene (Japanese
Knotweed) ................................................ 70
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (Meadowsweet) ............... 71
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel) ........................... 72
Frangula purshiana (DC.) J.G. Cooper (Cascara Sagrada) ...... 73
Galium aparine L. (Cleavers) ................................ 75
Gentiana lutea L. (Gentian) ................................. 77
Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo) ................................... 79
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Licorice) ............................ 80
Hamamelis virginiana L. (Witch Hazel) ....................... 81
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Hibiscus) ........................... 82
Hydrastis canadensis L. (Goldenseal) ........................ 84
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) ................... 85
Hyssopus officinalis L. (Hyssop) ............................ 86
Ilexparaguariensis A. St.-Hil. (Mate) ....................... 87
Illicium verum Hook. f. (Star Anise) ........................ 89
Juniperus communis L. (Juniper) ............................. 91
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (English Lavender) ............. 92
Ligusticumporteri J. M. Coult. & Rose (Osha) ................ 93
Linum usitatissimum L. (Flax) ............................... 95
Lobelia inflata L. (Lobelia) ................................ 96
Lycopus europaeus L. (European Bugleweed) ................... 98
Lycopus virginicus L. (Bugleweed) ........................... 99
Marrubium vulgare L. (Horehound) ........................... 101
Matricaria chamomilla L. (Chamomile) ....................... 104
Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) ............................... 105
Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis (Lemon Balm) ..... 107
Mentha ×piperita L. (Peppermint) ........................... 109
Mitchella repens L. (Partridge berry) ...................... 110
Olea europaea L. (Olive) ................................... 112
Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Asian Ginseng); P quinquefolius
L. (American Ginseng) ................................... 113
Passiflora incarnata L. (Passionflower) .................... 115
Peumus boldus Molina (Boldo) ............................... 118
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. &Thonn. (Phyllanthus amarus) .. 119
Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster, P. niruri L.,
P. urinaria L. (Phyllanthus) ............................ 122
Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise) ............................... 126
Plantago afra L., P. arenaria Waldst. & Kit., P. asiatica
L., P. ovata (Psyllium) ................................. 128
Plantago major L. (Plantain) ............................... 130
Prunella vulgaris L. (Heal All) ............................ 132
Rhamnus cathartica L. (Buckthorn) .......................... 134
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) ....................... 135
Rubus idaeus L. (Raspberry) ................................ 136
Rumex crispus L. (Yellow Dock) ............................. 138
Salix alba L. (White Willow) ............................... 139
Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) ............................... 140
Sambucus nigra L. (European Elder) ......................... 142
Sanguinaria canadensis L. (Bloodroot) ...................... 145
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Schisandra) .......... 146
Scutellaria lateriflora L. (Skullcap) ...................... 147
Senna alexandrina Mill. (Senna) ............................ 150
Serenoa repens (W Bartram) Small (Saw Palmetto) ............ 152
Sida cordifolia L. (Heart-Leaf Sida) ....................... 153
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Milk Thistle) ............... 155
Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill., S. febrifuga Kunth,
S. regelii Killip & C.V. Morton (Sarsaparilla) .......... 156
Solidago virgaurea L. (European Goldenrod) ................. 158
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Chickweed) ..................... 160
Stevia rebaudlana (Bertoni) Bertoni (Stevia) ............... 162
Stillingia sylvatica Garden ex L. (Stillingia) ............. 163
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. (Feverfew) ............. 164
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. (Dandelion) ................. 166
Thymus vulgaris L. (Thyme) ................................. 168
Tilia cordata Mill., Tplatyphyllos Scop., T. ×europaea L.
(Linden) ................................................ 170
Trifoliumpratense L. (Red Clover) .......................... 172
Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) .................... 173
Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. (Damiana) ................ 174
Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. {Tylophora asthmatica) ... 175
Ulmus rubra Muhl. (Slippery Elm) ........................... 177
Urtica dioica L. subsp. dioica (Stinging Nettle) ........... 178
Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (Cranberry) .................... 180
Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Bilberry) .......................... 181
Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerian) ........................ 182
Viburnum prunifolium L. (Black Haw) ........................ 183
Viscum album L. (European Mistletoe) ....................... 184
Vitex agnus-castus L. (Chaste Tree) ........................ 187
Vitis vinifera L. (Grape) .................................. 188
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) ................ 189
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) ........................ 190
Appendix ...................................................... 193
General References ......................................... 194
Glossary ................................................... 195
Index ......................................................... 205
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Achillea millefolium ............................. 15
Figure 2: Actaea racemosa, A. podocarpa, A. pachypoda,
A. rubra ......................................... 17
Figure 3: Adonis vernalis .................................. 19
Figure 4: Agathosma betulina,A. crenulata .................. 21
Figure 5: Andrographispaniculata ........................... 24
Figure 6: Apium graveolens, Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga ....... 26
Figure 1: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi .......................... 28
Figure 8: Arnica montana, A. chamissonis ................ 29-30
Figure 9: Artemisia absinthium ............................. 31
Figure 10: Artemisia annua .................................. 33
Figure 11: Astragalus mongholicus ........................... 35
Figure 12: Berberis aquifolium, B. repens ................... 36
Figure 13: Betulapendula, B.pubescens .................... 38-39
Figure 14: Calendula officinalis ............................ 40
Figure 15: Capsella bursa-pastoris .......................... 41
Figure 16: С arum carvi, Cuminum cyminum .................... 43
Figure 17: Centella asiatica ................................ 45
Figure 18: Chamaemelum nobile ............................... 48
Figure 19: Cichorium intybus ................................ 49
Figure 20: Coriandrum sativum ............................... 50
Figure 21: Crataegus laevigata, C. monogyna .............. 52-53
Figure 22: Echinacea pallida, E. angustifolia ............... 59
Figure 23: Echinacea purpurea ............................... 61
Figure 24: Epimedium sagittatum, E. grandiforum ............. 64
Figure 25: Equisetum arvense, E. palustre ................... 67
Figure 26: Euphrasia officinalis, E. stricta ................ 69
Figure 27: Filipendula ulmaria .............................. 71
Figure 28: Foeniculum vulgare ............................... 73
Figure 29: Galium aparine, G verum, G odoratum ........... 75-77
Figure 30: Ginkgo biloba .................................... 79
Figure 31: Hamamelis virginiana ............................. 81
Figure 32: Hibiscus sabdariffa .............................. 83
Figure 33: Hypericum perforatum ............................. 85
Figure 34: Hyssopus officinalis ............................. 87
Figure 35: Ilex paraguariensis .............................. 88
Figure 36: Illicium verum, I. anisatum ...................... 89
Figure 37: Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia ............. 92
Figure 38: Ligusticumporteri ................................ 94
Figure 39: Linum usitatissimum .............................. 95
Figure 40: Lobelia inflata ............................... 96-97
Figure 41: Lycopus europaeus ............................. 98-99
Figure 42: Lycopus virginicus .............................. 100
Figure 43: Marrubium vulgare, M. perigrinum, Ballota
hirsuta, B. nigra ........................... 102-103
Figure 44: Matricaria chamomilla, Anthemis cotula ...... 104-105
Figure 45: Medicago sativa ................................. 106
Figure 46: Melissa officinalis, Nepeta cataria ......... 107-108
Figure 47: Mentha -×piperita, M. canadensis ................ 109
Figure 48: Mitchella repens ................................ 1ll
Figure 49: Oka europaea ................................ 112-113
Figure 50: Panax quinquefolius ......................... 114-115
Figure 51: Passiflora incarnata ............................ 117
Figure 52: Peumus boldus ................................... 118
Figure 53: Phyllanthus amarus .......................... 119-120
Figure 54: Phyllanthus fraternus, P. niruri, P.
urinaria .................................... 122-125
Figure 55: Pimpinella anisum, Petroselinum crispum ......... 126
Figure 56: Plantago afra, P. major ......................... 128
Figure 57: Plantago major, P. lanceolata, Digitalis
lanata .......................................... 131
Figure 58: Prunella vulgaris ............................... 133
Figure 59: Rhamnus cathartica .............................. 134
Figure 60: Rosmarinus officinalis .......................... 135
Figure 61: Rubus idaeus, R. fruticosus ..................... 137
Figure 62: Salvia officinalis, S.fruticosa ................. 141
Figure 63: Sambucus nigra .................................. 143
Figure 64: Sanguinaria canadensis .......................... 145
Figure 65: Scutellaria lateriflora, Teucrium
canadense ................................... 148-149
Figure 66: Senna alexandrina, S. italica ................... 151
Figure 67: Serenoa repens .................................. 152
Figure 68: Sida cordifolia ................................. 153
Figure 69: Silybum marianum ................................ 155
Figure 70: Solidago virgaurea, S. gigantea ................. 159
Figure 71: Stellaria media ................................. 161
Figure 72: Stevia rebaudiana ............................... 162
Figure 73: Tanacetum parthenium, T. vulgare ............ 164-165
Figure 74: Taraxacum officinale ............................ 166
Figure 75: Thymus vulgaris, T. zygis ....................... 169
Figure 76: Tilia platyphyllos, T cor data,
Т. ×europaea ................................ 170-171
Figure 77: Trifolium pratense .............................. 172
Figure 78: Trigonella foenum-graecum ....................... 173
Figure 79: Turnera diffusa ................................. 174
Figure 80: Tylophora indica ................................ 176
Figure 81: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens ..................... 179
Figure 82: Viscum album subsp. album ....................... 185
Figure 83: Vitex agnus-castus .............................. 187
Figure 84: Vitis vinifera .................................. 188
Figure 85: Withania somnifera .............................. 189
Figure 86: Leaf characters ................................. 198
Figure 87: Common inflorescence types ...................... 199
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