INTRODUCTION .................................................... 7
1. PALAEOKARST SYSTEMS AND GEOLOGICAL MODELS .................... 8
1.1. Introduction ............................................ 8
1.2. What we know about the palaeokarst today ................ 8
1.3. Geological models of palaeokarsts ...................... 16
1.4. Conclusions ............................................ 19
1.5. Exploration strategies and methods of study ............ 20
2. WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES .......................................... 22
2.1. Bahamas ................................................ 22
Geological setting ..................................... 22
Palaeokarst interpretation ............................. 22
2.2. Gulf of Mexico (West Florida, Campeche Bank -
Mexico) ................................................ 22
Geological setting ..................................... 22
Palaeokarst interpretation ............................. 24
2.3. Cuba ................................................... 24
Regional geology and evolution ......................... 24
Pan de Guajaibon, West Cuba ......................... 25
Punta Maisi-Punta Caleta, East Cuba ................. 29
2.4. England ................................................ 29
Geological setting ..................................... 29
Palaeokarst interpretation ............................. 30
2.5. Spain .................................................. 30
2.5.1. Catalan Range ................................... 30
Geological setting .............................. 30
Palaeokarst interpretation ...................... 30
2.5.2. Mediterranean coast, Cap Salou .................. 30
Geological setting .............................. 30
Palaeokarst interpretation ...................... 31
2.5.3. Mediterranean coast, Cap Blanc .................. 32
Geological setting .............................. 32
Palaeokarst interpretation ...................... 32
2.6. Greece ................................................. 32
2.6.1. Peninsula Peloponnessos, Korfos ................. 32
3. PALAEOKARST AND CARBONATE PLATFORMS ......................... 34
3.1. Fundamentals ........................................... 34
3.2. The model .............................................. 34
3.3. Conclusions ............................................ 35
4. PALAEOKARST SYSTEMS IN HUNGARY .............................. 36
4.1. Overview ............................................... 36
4.2. Selected genetic case studies .......................... 37
4.2.1. Szabadbattyan (Köszar-hegy) ..................... 38
Geological setting .............................. 38
Palaeokarst features and interpretation ......... 38
4.2.2. Orfü (Sarkany-kut) .............................. 39
4.2.3. Balaton Highland (Liter, Hajmasker) ............. 39
Geological setting .............................. 39
Megyehegy Dolomite ........................... 39
Berekhegy Limestone .......................... 44
Palaeokarst interpretation ...................... 44
Geological evolution ............................ 47
Palaeokarst evolution ........................... 49
4.2.4. Vac (Naszaly Hill) .............................. 50
Geological setting .............................. 50
Depositional system ............................. 50
Palaeokarst phases .............................. 50
Palaeokarst evolution ........................... 57
4.2.5. Pisznice cave ................................... 57
4.2.6. Csövar (quarry and Varhegy cave) ................ 58
Geological setting .............................. 58
Palaeokarst features and interpretation ......... 58
Palaeokarst evolution ........................... 60
4.2.7. Buda Hills (Rozsadomb) .......................... 62
Geological setting .............................. 63
Triassic ..................................... 63
Matyashegy Formation (platform margin
member) ...................................... 63
Matyashegy Formation (intraplatform basin
member) ...................................... 63
Maindolomite ................................. 65
Cretaceous ................................... 66
Bauxite, red clay ............................ 66
Eocene ....................................... 68
Basal conglomerate and breccia ............... 69
Szepvölgy Limestone .......................... 69
Palaeokarst of the Szepvölgy Limestone ....... 69
Eocene-Oligocene ............................. 81
Buda Marl .................................... 81
Palaeokarst of the Buda Marl ................. 83
Oligocene .................................... 83
Tard Clay .................................... 83
Kiscell Clay ................................. 84
Quaternary ................................... 84
History of evolution ............................ 84
Palaeokarst evolution ........................... 92
4.2.8. Buda Hills (Paty) ............................... 95
Geological setting .............................. 95
Palaeokarst features and interpretation ......... 95
4.2.9. Buda Hills (Varhegy) ............................ 96
Geological setting and stratigraphy ............. 96
Palaeokarst features ............................ 99
Model of karst evolution ....................... 100
4.2.10.Bükk Mountains ................................. 100
Lillafüred ..................................... 100
Miskolc-Tapolca ................................ 100
Felsötarkany ................................... 101
5. THE 3D MODEL OF THE COMPOSITE KARST SYSTEM, BUDA HILLS ..... 102
5.1. Aims and methodology .................................. 102
5.2. The 3D model and its importance ....................... 103
6. THE PALAEOKARST POTENTIAL OF HUNGARY ....................... 107
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................. 114
REFERENCES .................................................... 115
PHOTOS ........................................................ 127
APPENDIX ...................................................... 139
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