The World's protected areas: status, values and prospects in 21st century / Chape S., Spaldnig M., Jenkins M. - Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. - xv, 359 p. - ISBN 978-0-520-24660-7  Место хранения:   05 | Сибирский институт физиологии и биохимии растений СО РАН | Иркутск

Оглавление / Contents

Acknowledgements ................................................ v Contributors .................................................... v Foreword ....................................................... vi Key to regional maps ........................................... xi Introduction ................................................. xiii Dedication ..................................................... xv 1.History, definitions, values and global perspective ............................................ 1 What is a protected area7 ..................................... 4 The global balance sheet: how many protected areas ............................................... 9 Values and benefits of protected areas ....................... 14 Intangible values of protected areas ......................... 19 International dimensions ..................................... 21 Antarctica - a special case .................................. 32 A global review .............................................. 34 Figures 1.1. The 'human footprint' as a percentage of human influence in every biome on the Earth's land surface ................................. 2 1.2. Global growth in protected areas ........................ 11 1.3. Global growth in the number of protected areas .......... 11 1.4. The world's protected areas by region ................... 13 1.5. Global protected areas by IUCN Category ................. 14 1.6. Global protected areas, level of protection, management and use ...................................... 14 1.7. The constituent elements of total economic value ........ 15 1.8. The relationship of World Heritage sites to other types of protected areas ................ 26 1.9. Biosphere reserve zonation - oncept and practice ........ 29 Tables 1.1. Historic milestones in the development of protected areas .................................................... 6 1.2. Old and new paradigms ................................... 10 1.3. The world's 20 largest protected areas .................. 19 1.4. International environmental conventions, treaties and agreements, and associated protocols ....... 20 Boxes 1.1. IUCN categories ......................................... 12 1.2. Current protected area definitions ...................... 16 2.Protected areas and biodiversity ............................ 36 Habitat coverage by the protected areas ...................... 46 Figures 2.1. Global distribution of protected sites of high urgency for consolidating the global network of protected areas ....................... 44 2.2. Global distribution of unprotected sites of high urgency ................................... 44 2.3. Global distribution of wetlands ......................... 67 2.4. Protected areas by river basin .......................... 68 2.5. Ramsar sites by river basin ............................. 69 Tables 2.1. Major habitat types, their global coverage and the areas protected ........................ 47 2.2. Protection of temperate and boreal needleleaf forests ...................................... 51 2.3. Protection of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ....................................... 52 2.4. Tree species in tropical moist forests ................................................. 53 2.5. Protection of tropical moist forest ..................... 53 2.6. Protection of tropical dry forest ....................... 55 2.7. Protection of boreal and sub-boreal open forests ............................................ 56 2.8. Protection of tropical open forests ..................... 57 2.9. Protection of tropical savannas ......................... 58 2.10.Protection of temperate grasslands ...................... 58 2.11.Protection of warm deserts and semi-deserts ............. 59 2.12.Protection of cold deserts and semi-deserts ............. 59 2.13.Protection of tundra .................................... 61 2.14.Protection of subtropical and tropical shrublands ............................................. 62 2.15.Protection of boreal shrublands ......................... 62 2.16.Barren habitat in Himalayan and Tibetan Plateau ecoregions and protected areas ................. 65 2.17.Proportion of mountain areas within protected areas ......................................... 66 2.18.Estimated distribution of freshwater resources by continent .................................. 66 2.19.Protection of wetlands .................................. 69 2.20.Ramsar sites of dominant wetland types .................. 70 2.21.Marine ecoregions of the world .......................... 72 2.22.Breakdown of marine protected areas ..................... 74 Boxes 2.1. WWF and biogeographic regions ........................... 45 2.2. Biodiversity conservation in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau .......................... 64 2.3. Marine ecosystems ....................................... 71 3.Human settlement and incursion ............................... 76 Changes in fire regimes ...................................... 79 Infrastructure development ................................... 79 Tourism and recreation ....................................... 80 Resource extraction .......................................... 81 Alien species ................................................ 88 Impacts from beyond the boundaries ........................... 90 Climate change ............................................... 92 3.1. Types of threats to protected areas ..................... 78 3.2. Threats to protected areas from tourism and recreation .................................. 80 3.1. Forest conversion to coffee in Dong Hua Sao protected area, Lao PDR ......................... 82 3.2. World Heritage in danger ................................ 86 4.Protected areas in the wider context ......................... 98 Social context and changing paradigms ....................... 98 Establishing protected areas ............................... 101 IUCN protected area management categories .................. 106 Protected area management as governance .................... 108 Working with the community ................................. 109 Indigenous people and protected areas ...................... 113 Community conserved areas .................................. 114 International trends in protected area governance ................................................. 115 Tables 4.1. Matrix of protected area management objectives and IUCN categories ......................... 108 4.2. Modes of protected area governance ..................... 109 Boxes 4.1. Private protected areas ................................ 102 4.2. The Baja to Bering marine conservation initiative ............................................. 105 4.3. Species conservation and traditional resource ownership in the Pacific Islands ....................... 110 4.4. Kaa-iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Management Area ............................... 112 4.5. Alto Fragua-lndiwasi: Colombia recognizes a community conserved area as a national park ................................ 115 4.6. Participatory planning and management: the Galapagos .............................. 116 5.The functions and processes of protected area management ............................................. 120 Obtaining and managing information .......................... 122 Management planning ......................................... 123 Finance and economics ....................................... 126 Administration .............................................. 130 Sustainable management ...................................... 131 Operations management ....................................... 132 Managing threats ............................................ 132 Cultural Heritage Management ................................ 133 Tourism and recreation ...................................... 133 Evaluating management effectiveness ......................... 138 Figures 5.1. Data and information flow in the UWA management formation system ............................ 124 5.2. A typical planning process ............................. 127 Tables 5.1. WCPA management effectiveness framework ................ 140 5.2. Methods of data collection, participants involved and WCPA framework elements ................... 141 5.3. Case studies of management effectiveness evaluation ............................................. 142 Boxes 5.1. The role of rangers in protected area management ........................................ 134 5.2. Developing capacity and training for protected areas ........................................ 136 6.Managing the marine environment ............................. 146 Management interventions .................................... 146 Marine management areas - a broad array ..................... 146 Establishment and management issues ......................... 149 Tables 6.1.IUCN protected areas management categories in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park ......................... 155 Boxes 6.1. The international framework ............................ 148 6.2. Fisheries benefits and limitations ..................... 149 7.Prospects for the 21st century .............................. 158 Assessing the global environment: the challenges of change .................................... 158 Global "blueprints" for protected areas ..................... 164 Can the "blueprint" be implemented7 ......................... 167 Climate change and ecological networks ...................... 171 Resourcing the future ....................................... 172 Future prospects ............................................ 176 Figures 7.1. Relative loss of biodiversity of vascular plants between 1970 and 2050 .......................................... 160 7.2. Species extinction rates ............................... 160 7.3. Pan-European ecological network ........................ 172 Boxes 7.1. The Durban action plan outcomes and key targets ........................................ 165 7.2. CBD programme of work on protected areas: elements and goals ..................................... 166 7.3. CBD programme of work on protected areas time-bound targets ..................................... 168 7.4. The role of remote sensing in protected areas management in the 21st century .................................... 174 REGIONAL ANALYSIS Introduction ................................................ 177 1. North America ............................................ 179 Canada, Greenland (Denmark), Mexico, St Pierre and Miquelon (France), United States of America Map Protected areas .................... 180 2. The Caribbean ............................................ 190 Anguilla (UK), Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba (Netherlands), Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda (UK), British Virgin Islands (UK), Cayman Islands (UK), Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe (France), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique (France), Montserrat (UK), Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands), Puerto Rico (USA), St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands (UK), United States Virgin Islands (USA) Map Protected areas ................. 192 3. Central America 199 Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Map Protected areas ...................................... 202 4. Brazil 208 Map Protected areas ...................................... 210 5. South America ............................................ 218 Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana (France), Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela Map Protected areas ...................................... 210 6. Europe ................................................... 227 Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar (United Kingdom), Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia - FYR, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (Norway), Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Vatican City State Map Protected areas ...................................... 228 7. West and Central Africa .................................. 238 Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Map Protected areas ...................................... 240 8. Eastern and Southern Africa Botswana, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte (France), Mozambique, Namibia, Reunion (France), Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Map Protected areas ............................. 250 9. North Africa and the Middle East ......................... 258 Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Oman, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen Map Protected areas, North Africa ............................................. 260 Protected areas, Middle East 262 10.Northern Eurasia ......................................... 268 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Map Protected areas ...................................... 270 11.South Asia ............................................... 277 Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory (UK), India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Map Protected areas ...................................... 278 12.East Asia ................................................ 285 China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Taiwan POC Map Protected areas ...................................... 286 13.Southeast Asia ........................................... 293 Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Timor-Leste, Thailand, Viet Nam Map Protected areas ...................................... 294 14.Australia and New Zealand ................................ 302 Map Protected areas ...................................... 304 15.Pacific islands .......................................... 312 American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, United States Minor Outlying Islands, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Map Protected areas ...................................... 314 Bibliography ............................................. 320 Index ......................................................... 339