1. Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1. Sediment Quantity and Quality Issues in River
Basins .................................................. 1
1.1.1. Introduction ..................................... 1
1.1.2. Sediment Quantity Issues ......................... 2
1.1.3. Contaminated Sediments ........................... 7
1.1.4. Risk Assessment at the River Basin Scale ........ 10
1.1.5. Integrated River Basin Strategies ............... 12
References ............................................. 13
1.2. Sediment- and Pollutant-Related Processes -
Interdisciplinary Approach ............................. 15
1.2.1. Introduction .................................... 15
1.2.2. Sediment- and Pollutant-Related Processes ....... 16
1.2.3. Interdisciplinary Approach ...................... 17
1.2.4. Pre-SEDYMO Integrated Process Studies ........... 23
1.2.5. Sedymo Priority Program 2002-2006 ............... 28
References ............................................. 30
2 Managing River Sediments .................................... 35
2.1. Hydrodynamics and Sustainable Sediment Management ...... 35
2.1.1. Introduction .................................... 35
2.1.2. Contaminant Transport Modeling .................. 42
2.1.3. Case Study: Upper Rhine ......................... 44
2.1.4. Conclusions and Outlook ......................... 48
References ............................................. 48
2.2. Requirement on Sediment Data Quality -
Hydrodynamics and Pollutant Mobility in Rivers ......... 49
2.2.1. Introduction .................................... 49
2.2.2. Sediment Sampling ............................... 50
2.2.3. Traceability in Chemical Sediment Analysis ...... 55
2.2.4. Hydraulic Data Quality .......................... 58
References ............................................. 64
3. Hydrodynamics ............................................... 67
3.1. On the Boundaries: Sediment Stability Measurements
across Aquatic Ecosystems .............................. 68
3.1.1. Introduction .................................... 68
3.1.2. Methods ......................................... 69
3.1.3. Results and Discussion .......................... 72
3.1.4. Conclusions ..................................... 77
Acknowledgments ........................................ 78
References ............................................. 78
3.2. Determination of Sediment Stability by Its
Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties:
Considering Temporal and Vertical Gradients
at Different Contaminated Riverine Sites ............... 79
3.2.1. Introduction .................................... 79
3.2.2. Material and Methods ............................ 80
3.2.3. Results and Discussion .......................... 81
3.2.4. Conclusions ..................................... 88
Acknowledgments ........................................ 89
References ............................................. 89
3.3. Simulation of Water Column Hydrodynamics by Benthic
Chambers ............................................... 90
3.3.1. Introduction .................................... 90
3.3.2. Design of the Benthic Water-Column-
Simulator ....................................... 91
3.3.3. Characteristics of the Benthic Water-
Column-Simulator ................................ 94
3.3.4. Conclusions ..................................... 98
Acknowledgments ........................................ 98
References ............................................. 99
3.4. Fine Sediment Behavior in Open Channel Turbulence:
an Experimental Study .................................. 99
3.4.1. Introduction .................................... 99
3.4.2. Experimental System ............................ 100
3.4.3. Results ........................................ 101
3.4.4. Conclusion and Outlook ......................... 106
Acknowledgments ....................................... 107
References ............................................ 107
3.5. Influence of Microbial Colonization on the Sediment
Erodibility
in an Intertidal Groyne Field of the River Elbe ....... 107
3.5.1. Ecological Relevance of Erosion and
Resuspension ................................... 107
3.5.2. Sediment Specific Erosion Curves and
Critical Erosion Shear Stress .................. 109
3.5.3. Sediment Stability, Composition and
Microbial Colonization of Resuspended
Particles ...................................... 110
3.5.4. Sediment Stabilization and Extracellular
Polymeric Substances ........................... 112
3.5.5. Conclusions .................................... 114
Acknowledgments ....................................... 115
References ............................................ 115
4. Transport Modeling ......................................... 117
4.1. Two-Dimensional Numerical Module for Contaminant
Transport in Rivers ................................... 118
4.1.1. Introduction ................................... 118
4.1.2. Module Concept and Assumption .................. 119
4.1.3. Numerical Implementation ....................... 123
4.1.4. Conclusions .................................... 128
References ............................................ 129
4.2. Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Fine Sediment
Transport Behavior in Regulated Rivers ................ 130
4.2.1. Introduction ................................... 130
4.2.2. Objective ...................................... 130
4.2.3. The Numerical Model ............................ 130
4.2.4. Case Study: Disposal of Dredged Material ....... 133
4.2.5. Conclusions .................................... 141
Acknowledgments ....................................... 141
References ............................................ 141
4.3. A Non-Equilibrium, Multi-Class Flocculation Model ..... 142
4.3.1. Introduction ................................... 142
4.3.2. The Fractionated Flocculation Model ............ 143
4.3.3. Analysis of Laboratory Experiments ............. 148
4.3.4. Application to Sedimentation in an
Estuarine Harbor ............................... 152
4.3.5. Conclusions .................................... 154
Acknowledgments ....................................... 156
References ............................................ 156
4.4. Suction-Vortex Resuspension Dynamics Applied to the
Computation of Fine-Particle River Fluxes ............. 157
4.4.1. Addressing the Fine-Particle Issue ............. 157
4.4.2. Approach ....................................... 158
4.4.3. Comparison of the Suspension Model with
Field Data ..................................... 165
Acknowledgments ....................................... 167
References ............................................ 167
5. Catchment Modeling ......................................... 171
5.1. Catchment Modeling of Emissions from the
Perspective of WFD Implementation ..................... 172
5.1.1. Introduction ................................... 172
5.1.2. The WFD and Its Requirements for Catchment
Modeling ....................................... 173
5.1.3. Calculating Emission Balances in River
Systems ........................................ 175
5.1.4. Obstacles and Strategies in Catchment
Modeling ....................................... 177
5.1.5. Conclusions .................................... 183
Acknowledgments ....................................... 184
References ............................................ 184
5.2. Modeling the Effects of Land Cover Changes on
Sediment Transport
in the Vogelbach Basin, Switzerland ................... 186
5.2.1. Introduction ................................... 186
5.2.2. The Case Study ................................. 187
5.2.3. The Modeling Framework ......................... 188
5.2.4. Results ........................................ 192
5.2.5. Concluding Remarks ............................. 194
Acknowledgments ....................................... 195
References ............................................ 195
5.3. Transport and Fate of Dissolved and Suspended
Particulate Matter in the Middle Elbe Region
during Flood Events ................................... 197
5.3.1. Introduction ................................... 197
5.3.2. Aim ............................................ 197
5.3.3. Study Site ..................................... 198
5.3.4. Methodology .................................... 199
5.3.5. Results and Discussion ......................... 200
5.3.6. Conclusions .................................... 205
Acknowledgments ....................................... 205
References ............................................ 205
5.4. Modeling P-Fluxes from Diffuse and Point Sources
in Heterogeneous Macroscale River Basins Using
MEPhos ................................................ 206
5.4.1. Introduction ................................... 206
5.4.2. MEPhos Model Description ....................... 207
5.4.3. Modeling Sediment and P-Inputs to Surface
Waters Via Erosion ............................. 209
5.4.4. Total P-Inputs from Diffuse and Point
Sources and Validation of Model Results ........ 210
5.4.5. Conclusions and Management Options for
Tackling Eutrophication ........................ 214
Acknowledgment ........................................ 215
References ............................................ 215
6. Sediment-Water Interactions ................................ 217
6.1. Identifying Variable Organic Matter Sources
in Riverine Suspended Sediments ....................... 218
6.1.1. Introduction ................................... 218
6.1.2. Methods ........................................ 221
6.1.3. Results ........................................ 224
6.1.4. Discussion and Conclusion ...................... 229
Acknowledgments ....................................... 231
References ............................................ 231
6.2. Aggregation and Sorption Behavior of Fine River
Sediments ............................................. 233
6.2.1. Introduction ................................... 233
6.2.2. Materials and Methods .......................... 233
6.2.3. Results and Discussion ......................... 236
6.2.4. Conclusions .................................... 239
Acknowledgment ........................................ 240
References ............................................ 241
6.3. Equilibrium and Kinetics of Sorption/Desorption
of Hydrophobic Pollutants on/from Sediments ........... 241
6.3.1. Introduction ................................... 241
6.3.2. Experimental Methods ........................... 242
6.3.3. Results and Discussion ......................... 243
6.3.4. Conclusions .................................... 248
References ............................................ 248
6.4. Phosphorus Entrainment Due to Resuspension, River
Spree, NE Germany ..................................... 249
6.4.1. Introduction ................................... 249
6.4.2. Material and Methods ........................... 249
6.4.3. Results ........................................ 252
6.4.4. Discussion ..................................... 256
6.4.5. Conclusions .................................... 256
Acknowledgments ....................................... 257
References ............................................ 257
6.5. Determination of Heavy Metal Mobility from
Resuspended Sediments Using Simulated Natural
Experimental Conditions ............................... 258
6.5.1. Introduction ................................... 258
6.5.2. Experiments .................................... 259
6.5.3. Results ........................................ 262
6.5.4. Discussion and Conclusions ..................... 265
Acknowledgments ....................................... 267
References ............................................ 267
7. Transport Indicators ....................................... 269
7.1. The Relevance of River Bottom Sediments for the
Transport of Cohesive Particles and Attached
Contaminants .......................................... 270
7.1.1. Introduction: Source and Transport
Indicators ..................................... 270
7.1.2. Case Studies in Small Mountain Rivers .......... 273
References ............................................ 278
7.2. Pre-Event Hydrological Conditions As Determinants
for Suspended Sediment and Pollutant Transport
during Artificial and Natural Floods .................. 279
7.2.1. Introduction ................................... 279
7.2.2. Area of Investigation .......................... 280
7.2.3. Material and Methods ........................... 281
7.2.4. Results and Discussion ......................... 282
7.2.5. Conclusions .................................... 286
Acknowledgments ....................................... 286
References ............................................ 286
7.3. Transport and Storage of River Sediment and
Associated Trace Metals into Floodplains of
the Elbe .............................................. 287
7.3.1. Introduction ................................... 287
7.3.2. Study Site ..................................... 289
7.3.3. Material and Methods ........................... 290
7.3.4. Results and Discussion ......................... 291
7.3.5. Conclusions .................................... 294
Acknowledgments ....................................... 295
References ............................................ 295
7.4. Trace Metals as Indicators for the Dynamics
of (Suspended) Particulate Matter in the Tidal
Reach of the River Elbe ............................... 296
7.4.1. Introduction ................................... 296
7.4.2. Measurements and Methods ....................... 297
7.4.3. Results and discussion ......................... 298
7.4.4. Summary and Outlook ............................ 302
Acknowledgment ........................................ 303
References ............................................ 303
8. Fine Sediment Particles .................................... 305
8.1. Transport and Reactions of Contaminants in
Sediments ............................................. 306
8.1.1. Introduction ................................... 306
8.1.2. Experimental Approach .......................... 308
8.1.3. Heavy Metals at the Field Site ................. 309
8.1.4. Results ........................................ 310
8.1.5. Discussion ..................................... 314
Acknowledgments ....................................... 316
References ............................................ 316
8.2. Comparison of Cohesive Sediment Erosion Rates
Determined from 24Th Radionuclide Tracer Profiles
and Erosion Experiments in the Mecklenburg Bight,
Baltic Sea ............................................ 317
8.2.1. Introduction ................................... 317
8.2.2. Sampling Site and Experiments .................. 318
8.2.3. Net Erosion Rate from Radionuclide Tracer
Profiles ....................................... 320
8.2.4. Discussion and Conclusions ..................... 323
Acknowledgments ....................................... 326
References ............................................ 326
8.3. The Use of Geochemically Labeled Tracers for
Measuring Transport Pathways of Fine, Cohesive
Sediment in Estuarine Environments .................... 328
8.3.1. Introduction ................................... 328
8.3.2. Background ..................................... 328
8.3.3. Rare Earth Element Labeled Sediment Tracers .... 330
8.3.4. Conclusions .................................... 333
Acknowledgments ....................................... 333
References ............................................ 334
8.4. Dynamics of Heavy Metals and Arsenic - Hungarian
Tisza River Sediments after Mining Spills in the
Catchment Area ........................................ 335
8.4.1. Introduction ................................... 335
8.4.2. Materials and Methods .......................... 337
8.4.3. Results and Discussion ......................... 338
8.4.4. Conclusions .................................... 341
References ............................................ 342
9. Microbial Effects .......................................... 343
9.1. Biofilms and Their Role in Sediment Dynamics and
Pollutant Mobility .................................... 344
9.1.1. Introduction ................................... 344
9.1.2. Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) ....... 345
9.1.3. Biofilm Role on Sediment Stability ............. 349
9.1.4. Role of Biofilms As Sink and Source of
Pollutants ..................................... 351
9.1.5. Microbial Mineralization and Sediment
Formation ...................................... 353
9.1.6. Desorption Processes ........................... 354
9.1.7. Conclusions .................................... 355
References ............................................ 356
9.2. Role of Biofilms on Sediment Transport -
Investigations with Artificial Sediment Columns ....... 358
9.2.1. Introduction ................................... 358
9.2.2. Materials and Methods .......................... 358
9.2.3. Results ........................................ 361
9.2.4. Discussion ..................................... 365
9.2.5. Conclusions .................................... 367
Acknowledgments ....................................... 367
References ............................................ 368
9.3. Role of Bacteria in Heavy Metal Transport during
the Dredging in the Rhone River ....................... 368
9.3.1. Introduction ................................... 368
9.3.2. Materials and Methods .......................... 369
9.3.3. Results ........................................ 371
9.3.4. Conclusions .................................... 377
References ............................................ 378
10.Sediment Toxicity Data ..................................... 379
10.1.Quality Assurance of Ecotoxicological Sediment
Analysis .............................................. 380
10.1.1.Introduction ................................... 380
10.1.2.Sediment Chemical Data Quality ................. 382
10.1.3.Sediment Ecotoxicological Data Quality ......... 383
References ............................................ 389
10.2.Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity in the Elbe
River Basin ........................................... 391
10.2.1.Introduction ................................... 391
10.2.2.Sampling and Methods ........................... 394
10.2.3.Results ........................................ 394
10.2.4.Discussion ..................................... 397
10.2.5.Conclusion ..................................... 399
Acknowledgments ....................................... 399
References ............................................ 399
10.3.Influence of Hydrodynamics on Sediment Ecotoxicity .... 401
10.3.1.Role of Sediments in Freshwater Quality ........ 401
10.3.2.Factors Affecting Mobilization of
Sediments and (Bio)Availability of
Contaminants ................................... 402
10.3.3.Ecotoxicological Methods to Assess
Sediment Contamination ......................... 403
10.3.4.Combined Approaches to Investigate the
Influence of Hydrodynamics on Sediment
Ecotoxicity .................................... 404
Conclusion ............................................ 411
References ............................................ 411
Appendix ...................................................... 417
Index ......................................................... 419
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